Investigating the relationship between spiritual intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior of secondary school teachers in Garmi city

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Executive Management

Strategic Management Orientation

Abstract

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior of secondary school teachers in Garmi city in the academic year 2011-2012. The size of the statistical population of all high school teachers is 400 people, the statistical sample was determined by the Cochran method of 196 people who were selected by random sampling. To collect data, King's multi-factor spiritual intelligence questionnaire and organizational citizenship behavior questionnaire were used, which had high validity and reliability. This research is a descriptive research that was done by correlational method. To analyze the data, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression were used step by step. After collecting and analyzing the data with the help of SPSS software, the results of the research showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between the total spiritual intelligence and the organizational citizenship behavior of teachers. And the intensity of the relationship is strong. Also, the step-by-step multiple regression analysis showed that among the components of spiritual intelligence, transcendental awareness and the expansion of self-awareness have the greatest effect on teachers' organizational citizenship behavior. Keywords: spiritual intelligence, organizational citizenship behavior, teachers, secondary school. Introduction

The concept of intelligence has a long history, perhaps as old as man himself. Even the oldest written stories in human history, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh[1], describe some protagonists as "wise" and others, to be polite, less wise. The stories of the Bible provide very clear examples of intelligence, such as Prophet Solomon, they also provide examples of stupidity, such as the stupidity of Noah's neighbors and the pharaohs of Egypt.  It seems that we humans have long accepted the idea that some people are better at making decisions than others. These people probably have the same information that others have, but when they focus on weighting, evaluating and processing information, they reach results that are much better than others' results (Davis [2], 1384, p. 148).

In recent decades, the concept of spirituality and its applications in the world, especially in the Western world, have become very important, so that concepts such as God, religion, spirituality, etc., which were considered private subjects, entered scientific research in the field of human sciences. have become In fact, in addition to the growing interest in emotional intelligence, the combination of the two concepts of spirituality and intelligence in the new concept of spiritual intelligence [3] has also been considered (Zohar and Marshall [4], 2004).

The study of people's behavior in work environments has been of interest to management science thinkers for a long time, and with the emergence of the field of organizational behavior in the early 1960s, this matter became more serious.  Many studies have been done, they have tried to divide the behaviors and the causes of their occurrence. Topics such as: perception, motivation, organizational commitment, etc. are among those that examine the root of many human behaviors in the work environment. But a new topic that has attracted the attention of psychologists and sociologists in addition to behaviorists in the last two decades; It is called organizational citizenship behavior [5] (Malek Akhlaq et al., 2008).

In this chapter, the statement of the problem, the importance and necessity of research, the goals, questions, hypotheses, conceptual and operational definitions of the research have been discussed. The body, thoughts and emotions enter the working world, they bring their unique personal talent and spirit with them (Leigh[6], 1997, quoted by Saghravani, 2018).

It seems that educational organizations and schools need employees and teachers with deeper and newer intelligence to maintain their life and function, so that they can perform their duties more effectively. It is not needs, but humans need a third factor called spiritual intelligence (Cherir[7], 2004; quoted by Nadaf et al., 2009)..

Sets of intellectual capacities that contribute to full awareness and adaptive use of spiritual aspects and the transcendental world of a person and lead to outputs such as deep existential thinking, increased meaning, identification of the transcendental world, and mastery of spiritual states (King[8], 2008).

King considers spiritual intelligence to have four dimensions, which include:

Existential critical thinking[9]: the ability to think about It refers to the truth of existence, existence, time, death and other supernatural subjects.  

Transcendental awareness [10]: The ability to recognize the superior and transcendent dimensions of oneself, others and the material world during waking and alertness.

Personal meaning making [11]: The ability to create one's purpose and purpose in all mental and physical experiences, including the ability to create and dominate the purpose of life.

In today's era, educational institutions need teachers who behave voluntarily and willingly and do not give up any efforts for the success of the school (Vyguda and Gadot [12], 2007) to face challenges and complex conditions. These types of behaviors that exceed official expectations, but are necessary for the organization's survival, are called organizational citizenship behavior (Bolger and Somech [13], 2004).

Organizational citizenship behavior (1983) states that organizational citizenship behavior is a conscious, voluntary and extra-task behavior that is effective in increasing the effectiveness of the organization's performance, but is not directly or indirectly appreciated by the organization's official reward system (Marcusi and Zain[14], 2004).

The most reliable division of organizational citizenship behavior is presented by the organization, which are:

Social etiquette: as a behavior that shows attention to participation in the social life of the organization.

Conscientiousness: It is a behavior that goes beyond the requirements set by the organization from the environment.

Altruism: It is helping colleagues in the performance of their duties or colleagues who have They are business problems.

Chivalry: It is the willingness to be patient in the face of unavoidable annoyances and abuse without boasting or complaining.

Politeness and respect: about thinking about how one's actions and behaviors affect others.

Despite the importance and sensitive role of organizational citizenship behavior in all organizations, the available evidence shows that in schools, less attention has been paid to it (DePaola and colleagues [15], 2005). Among the articles and books, only a limited number have addressed the issue of organizational citizenship behavior (Aplatka [16], 2006). The reasons for this can be investigated in two ways; First, the important role of this variable is not yet fully and widely understood, and secondly, its novelty and non-nativeness in schools may not have created many research motives (Zeinabadi et al., 2017). From the perspective of this dimension, spirituality in the organization is not only to be interesting and challenging, but also to search for a deeper meaning and purpose in the work. Today, employees everywhere are looking for more than material rewards in work. They are looking for a meaningful, promising job and want lofty goals in their life. Organizations are faced with mature and talented employees who are looking for a meaningful, goal-oriented and nurturing job. The main question of the research is "What are the relationships between spiritual intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior of high school teachers?" is This research wants to show that the place of the relationship between spiritual intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior in education and training is more important than other organizations, and due to the lack of research in this field, it reveals the need of education management for this research. Valuable employees have revealed more than before; The generation that is referred to as organizational soldiers [17], these employees are undoubtedly the distinguishing feature of effective organizations from ineffective ones; Because they consider the organization to be their home and to achieve its goals, they act without any hesitation beyond their official role and do not spare any effort (Ramin Mehr et al., 2008).