The human figure in the works of realist painters of America and Iran (70s until now)

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Painting (M.A)

Abstract

In the present study, since realism has caused conflicting meanings and different and contradictory interpretations in the field of art and literature, we first review the different definitions of realism. Realism means realism, and a realist artist is someone who portrays reality in art and does not seek to change the external reality in the artistic mirror. Although other art schools have opposed this style, new types of this style are still under the titles of new realism, hyperrealism, and magical realism. We will briefly introduce them. In the following, we will examine the history of the subjectivity of the human figure in the visual arts. Since realism is a clear and complete expression of individuality, and the realist work is the result of the artist's understanding of the diverse and dynamic relationships of humans and their surroundings, by examining the realist works of Iranian and American artists from the 1970s until now, in this research, we are trying to examine the impact of the artist's view of the human figure according to his personal and social conditions.

Generalities of the research

Chapter 1:

Statement of the problem:

One of the reasons for the importance of realism is the centrality of man in many realist works in an era where we need a lot of attention to the conditions of contemporary man. Realism, along with other artistic movements and new visual tools, has always paid attention to man and his concerns The presentation of the image in a masterful manner is not a reliable and complete representation of reality. Realist painting cannot be a mere imitation of the world without the painter's mind influencing it. Although the figurative trend in Iranian art has been accompanied by ups and downs and sometimes it has been expressed in different content, style and concepts, it has always been noticed by a group of artists and enthusiasts. Realist painting in Iran is not without influence from the West, but it seems that realist painting has been able to communicate well with the audience by having a familiar language, which is indeed representation. These works represent the thoughts, habits and ways of life that the artist grew up with. From this day on, it can influence people's thoughts and thoughts by paying attention to the philosophical and psychological aspects and remove it from the definition of mere representation. American culture in the contemporary era has developed a great tendency towards realist art and one can find prominent artists in this field, many of whom pay attention to the human figure in their works. There are several contemporary Iranian and American artists in realist works. By examining these works from two different cultures, the influence of society, culture, religion and many other factors on the realist artist will be determined, and this will be a clear distinction between naturalistic and realist works. The background of the human figure in contemporary realist paintings, the introduction of the realist artists of Iran and America today, a comparative study of the views of Iranian and American artists on the human figure in realist paintings.

The importance of the research topic and the reasons for choosing it:

Realist artists express the realities of the society of their time, while artists before the emergence of realism dealt with their personal inner feelings. One of my reasons for choosing this topic is the existence of a close relationship between realism and society, which can still be considered as a powerful bridge between the artist and the society of today. And the other is to try to better understand this approach by emphasizing the key role of the human figure in realist works. Since my works are subject to this movement, obviously this research will be useful both for me and for other interested artists.

Research questions or hypotheses:

Hypotheses:

<>American culture in the contemporary era has a great tendency towards realistic art. Photography has played an important role in the emergence of realism as well as modern realism.The human figure is prominent and visible in the works of new realist painters. What is the approach of Iranian and American cultures towards realism? What are the factors influencing the approach of new art to realism? What is the attitude and application of the human figure in the realist works of Iranian and American painters today? 

Research method:

Given that in this research, in addition to the questionnaire, documents, papers, books, articles, finals, as well as internet databases were used to gather information about the history and literature of the research topic, so the present research is library and field in nature, and the historical research method is comparative.

Limitations and problems:

Studying the works of contemporary artists always It comes with problems and limitations. In the case of domestic artists, the number of published books is very limited, and one should mostly refer to interviews and articles published in magazines or face-to-face interviews with artists. Regarding American realist artists, I mostly encountered the problem of accessing sources and references, and in the meantime, there were only internet sites that could help me. Almost no books about them can be found in Iranian libraries. Therefore, it was difficult to find e-books and articles that have the necessary credibility to cite them.

Another limitation was the use of pictures of paintings by artists (especially American). This is because nude models were mostly used and since the criticism of the artist's works also mentioned such works, I tried to make it possible to print them by covering parts of the works. Iran and the Social Conditions of its Emergence (1376-1388)" by Nasim Neil Ghaz, Faculty of Arts - University of Science and Culture, 1389.

- Master's Thesis with the subject of "The evolution of realism (realism) in contemporary Iranian painting art" by Freema Moradi, Tehran Faculty of Art and Architecture, 1390.

Keywords:

Neorealism, photorealism, hyperrealism, realism, figurative, human.

Chapter Two:

Realism

Introduction:

In recent years, the realist approach in Iranian figurative painting can be seen among the works of students and graduates of art fields, with photorealism painting, which is somewhat exaggerated and It is ironic and conceptual in its essence, it is different. In many examples, this approach tends to represent and use masterful skills. An approach that, on the one hand, cannot be unaffected by the contemporary trends of Western art towards this type of painting, but on the other hand, it seems that sometimes this type of painting has served to express social, individual and internal concepts by using a familiar language (representation method), which can facilitate communication with the audience. It also seems that this is a movement in opposition to the current system of art education and modernism prevailing among academics and intellectuals in art circles. Although this group of painters are completely familiar with modern art and its concepts, they prefer to work in a different way. It seems that they consider painting to be closely related to their work, habits and ways of life, and in some way an experience of life, and they still try to connect the art of painting with philosophical, psychological, and sociological ideas. and in this way, help to project new ideas in the society. Therefore, in terms of philosophical-psychological and sociological themes and ideas, these works distance themselves from the naturalistic painting of Kamal al-Mulk and his followers and differentiate themselves and also show their distinct difference from popular realist paintings.

In this way, perhaps the most important feature of this artistic approach is its context and that it is clearly and openly related to the society and the social contexts of its production. In this article, we have sought to explain the social conditions of the emergence of this type of painting in Iran in the last decade. 1-1 Definition of realism[1] Some of the words and terms used in literary and cultural studies, or referred to, have a complex, problematic and at the same time deceptive form.