Dissertation for receiving the degree of Master (M.A)
Islamic Architectural Engineering
Abstract:
In the design of many existing buildings of our era, instead of considering the psychological and cultural needs of the users, paying attention to the organ functions and the latest examples built in advanced countries without considering the culture of that region has been prioritized. This weakness is abundantly evident in many residential buildings in Iran. While in the last few decades, environmental psychology has provided architects and designers with valuable findings in the field of interaction between humans and the environment. Based on this, in the design of a house, it is believed that regardless of the spaces required, in addition to matching it with the environment and culture of that society and even the beliefs of the people of that area, the use of traditional solutions related to each place, which is the result of the valuable experiences of the natives of that area over time, can be effective in improving the living conditions of the people. In this research, which was carried out according to psychological theories, the environmental and cultural characteristics that are effective in the field of house building in Iran were examined. It largely depends on the personality traits and worldview and experiences of people. But at the same time, it cannot be denied that there are common aspects such as environmental pleasantness, aestheticism, diversity, novelty, the most modern facilities and adaptation of the environment to individual needs and social values ??among humans. In this regard, in the design, we tried to design an environment in accordance with the latest modern facilities and at the same time compatible with the Iranian-Islamic culture and climate. In addition to providing comfortable conditions due to benefiting from the lasting experiences of the past, such a house can be effective in reviving authentic Iranian-Islamic architectural methods, which were far more compatible and efficient with the culture and needs of the people of this land, in addition to improving the conditions of house building in Iran. In addition to the mentioned cases, recovering the identity of Iranian architecture in the facades of buildings, which in recent decades has been gradually forgotten with the increasing progress of blind imitation and the construction of facades in the western and classical European style, and raising the public's understanding of the aesthetics of the original and glorious past of Iran and the land can be among the results of this research.
Introduction:
Foreword
The land of Iran has long had a special place in architecture and especially house building. The architects of this border and environment in the dry and semi-desert climate of Iran and in the heart of the desert of this land built such a house that when a person enters the house, he feels that he has entered another climate and region. In the past, the Iranian house housed a green and sunny atmosphere in contrast to the climate of the region, so that the dry desert climate and the harsh desert sun were completely forgotten when passing through the door of the house. In fact, in the past, houses were designed with full attention to the region's climate and the Iranian nature-loving instinct, especially the presence of water.
Introverted houses with a central courtyard were formed in response to this climate, which, despite the high density, also responded to privacy. That is, something that the usual extroverted houses are not able to do. These introverted houses with a central courtyard provided natural ventilation and created a cooler environment. The advanced orderliness and decoration of the spaces and the adequate service of these houses have shown a long process over the years.
Today, in Iran, house building is done in an imitative way and influenced by the influence of the international style of modern architecture and mostly with classical European facades, which leads to the creation of houses without considering the climate and culture of the region. Instead of taking advantage of this huge and rich achievement of our architecture, we have turned to blind imitation and mismatch with culture and environment, and every day we are more and more destroying the context of our architectural identity. In this research, in addition to reviving the traditional ways of the past and adapting it to today's needs, it is an attempt to make Iran's architecture once again have its own identity and present it to the world.
Chapter One
Statement of the design issue
(Statement of the issue and necessity of the design - statement of goals and assumptions - statement of the research method - existing records in connection with the upcoming research)
Statement of the issue and necessity of conducting the research
Today, housing is apparently only a place to live, not for the mental and emotional peace of family members, because many profit seekers and material worshipers of the Western world design a house that is the only source of their profit, soul and spirit have become meaningless for them, and only its luxurious and seductive appearance is the priority, and this is exactly the opposite of Iranian-Islamic architecture, which Iranian architects used to build houses. He built with the people and for the people that the soul and life and peace of the family was his first goal and the residence was of secondary importance and unfortunately the worldliness and the appearance and utilitarianism of the western world is currently infiltrating our culture and the institution of architecture, and some architects educated in the western schools or more importantly, built by profiteers who only think about the profit and benefit of their own money, call it welcome and those architectural measures that are foreign to this border and landscape as the most modern facilities today. They implement it for the well-being of the users.
Today's architecture, intentionally or unintentionally, has fallen on a path that takes us away from its origin, and it seems that some people in the society blindly think that it is a satisfactory answer to their needs. It is necessary to emphasize that at the beginning we must make it clear that we are not against the development of architecture and the use of the latest facilities in building construction. We are only trying to prevent its conflict with our culture and instead of pure imitation of Western appearance and culture, make it compatible with our national-Sharia and cultural standards, and we are trying to reduce its disadvantages and strengthen its potential advantages, and in this direction, regain our architectural identity. Because if our architecture becomes westernized, the foothold of western industrial products for consumption in the country will become so strong that our market will eventually become westernized and as a result we will lose our national identity and trust in all supplies and become completely dependent on the west. If the house is built in the west, its materials will also be in the west, and the decoration of the house will be instead of plastering and tiling. It will be western. The western covering and decor of the house will in turn westernize the appearance of the owner of the house, willy-nilly or not, and it won't be long before we have to search for authentic culture and architecture and ancient values ??in museums and historical books. When the "natural circulation of wind through wind deflectors", which is an evolved example of green and sustainable architecture, gives way to "fan coil circulation", even meeting our cooling and heating needs depends on the help of the West and the West. It only helps us when we are Westerners and subject to the demands of Westerners, and this means completely losing our Iranian Islamic identity. It should be mentioned that we are not against technology either, but we should reduce its negative and costly effects and not depend on it, and instead make the most of free natural energies that are also economical. Avoiding futility, self-sufficiency, and poverty" These five principles, which in simpler terms were: creating privacy, having a human scale, beneficial use, and avoiding creating something just for beauty, the use of organic materials, stability and building techniques, are gradually being forgotten today with the increasing prevalence of foreign architecture and culture, which is completely inconsistent and does not pay attention to the climate and texture of the region. Urban spaces with those identityless buildings and mostly stone facades are expanding day by day in the urban context in the style of classical European architecture and it seems that architecture in Iran has no significant background and past and Iranians have done nothing but pure imitation in the field of architecture. This is while our traditional solutions, such as wind deflectors in Kashan houses, are used as ventilation agents in high-rise buildings around the world. Instead of taking advantage of this huge and rich achievement of our architecture, we have blindly imitated it and are not in harmony with the culture and environment, and every day we are destroying our architectural identity more and more.