Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A)
Treatment: Universal Linguistics
Chapter One
Research Overview
1-1-Introduction
The term discourse analysis was first proposed in American Constructivist Linguistics by Zeligharis [1], and he meant by discourse analysis, a structural analysis above the sentence level. However, ignoring the context of language use and paying only attention to structures without considering the environmental issues affecting language use during structural analysis, led to the concealment of significant parts of the communicative and semantic aspects of language use. Therefore, some linguists who work within the framework of role-oriented linguistics, tried to provide a more comprehensive analysis by paying attention to the context, and finally, some other linguists who worked at the University of England in England, influenced by the ideas of French thinkers such as Foucault [2] and Paschu [3] in the seventies, came to the conclusion that the concept of context in the analysis of role-oriented discourse is still insufficient and many political and social issues that have mutual effects on language It goes without saying. Therefore, by establishing critical linguistics, which provided the basis for the emergence of critical discourse analysis, these people also introduced other concepts such as power and ideology into critical analysis. The foundation of critical discourse analysis can be found in critical linguistics, which was formed as a result of the pioneering writings of Fowler[4], Hodge[5], Kress[6] and True[7] (Soltani, 1384: 51). Disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, psychology, linguistics, semiotics, etc., which deal with systematic studies of the structure, function and processes of speech production have emerged. According to Fairclough [8], although discourse analysis has developed in linguistics, it did not stop in linguistics and entered cultural, social and political studies and took a critical form. By studying the apparent effects of speech, the structure of production and the context of text or speech, that is, factors outside the text (situational, cultural, social context, etc.), discourse analysis tries to achieve issues that reveal the relationship between the formation of ideology and speech. Inequalities that are based on gender, ethnicity, class, religion, language, etc.
The film examined in this research depicts a family from the serf class who gathered together for the wedding of the last child of the family, the death of the uncle (the eldest of the family) turns the wedding into a mourning, and in these two contradictory situations, tracing the influence and signs of culture, religion, social status and especially the kinship relationship, in the speech and function of the members of this family is the issue discussed in this research. is In this research, it is important how these hidden differences and inequalities, especially the class and religious (religious) inequalities are revealed in the context of the film A Sugar Loaf?
1-3-Importance of the research
Critical discourse analysis is a reaction to the void in the descriptive research of language. This type of analysis considers the descriptive analytical achievements of the discourse to be useful but not sufficient and claims that the descriptive levels of the discourse analysis should be the primary levels of the society analysis framework whose goals go far beyond expressing the formal features of a text (discourse) and reach more abstract and deeper conclusions and findings. The sugar cube is revealed and analyzed, and the role of cinema in reflecting these points should not be neglected. This research can even be useful in raising awareness among those involved in cinema and television.
1-4-Research Objectives
Class differences, wealth level, feelings of inferiority and its impact on the discourse are unavoidable. The purpose of this research is to analyze the critical discourse at the macro level and then examine these concepts and examine how they appear in the movie Yeh Habe Ghandar.
The other purpose is to examine the way of changing the discourse by changing the environmental conditions, social conditions and their impact on the discourse.
1-5-Research questions
This research aims to answer the following questions.
1-5-Research questions
This research aims to answer the following questions:
1-What effect does class level difference have on people's speech?
2-Does the change in people's situational conditions change their speech?
3-Do the living conditions and mutual behavior of spouses have an effect on their speech?
1-6-Research Hypotheses
1-The difference in class level makes people's discourse different.
2-Change in situational conditions in people causes change in discourse.
3-The living conditions and mutual behavior of spouses have an effect on their discourse.
1-7-Limitations of the research
This research examines The script of the movie Yehhabehgand deals with it, and considering that cinema has wide dimensions, examining all its aspects does not fit in one research and is not included in the field of linguistics and discourse analysis. Therefore, the current research examines the script and uses discourse analysis tools to express it. In recent years, research in the field of humanities has increased and many theoretical and practical discussions have been presented in this regard, as well as theoretical analyzes have been presented on concepts such as discourse, but less has been said about the practical use and implementation of these methods. A comprehensive analysis requires a comprehensive review of the entire sign, but this review is only limited to the review of the movie script, and the lack of resources and research conducted in this field has been one of the obstacles of the current research. It is a meaning system that produces all social phenomena and gives them meaning. In other words, nothing can be understood outside the framework of discourse.
Discourse analysis: Discourse analysis, which is also translated as speech analysis, speech analysis and discourse analysis in Persian, is an interdisciplinary study trend. Discourse analysis tries to study the system and trans-sentential arrangement of linguistic elements and therefore examines linguistic units such as conversations or written texts (Latfipour Saedi, 1371: 10). Discourse analysis in terms of semantic inclusion, in areas beyond sociolinguistics and critical linguistics, thanks to the efforts of thinkers such as Jacques Derrida [13], Michel Foucault, Van Dyck [14] and Norman Fairclough, who paid attention to this field, entered cultural, social and political studies and took a critical form. and while describing and interpreting the text, it answers the question why this text should be chosen among the possible language options? And during a specific event, why do people use certain expressions?
Ideology: Fairclough sees ideology as semantic constructions that play a role in producing, reproducing, and changing unequal power relations. As a result, meaning is very important in understanding ideology, discourses gain ideological weight and ideological discourses contribute to maintaining the change of unequal power relations (Fairclough, 1995: 14). Power is not something that is in the hands of some and not in the hands of others. Power is what produces society. Knowledge, identity, and our individual and social position is the construction and payment of power (Sultani, 2004: 87). Subject: Althusser[15] believes that ideological representations, through imposed structures, shape our insides, and in this way, objective human beings become subjects; That is, to the beings who imagine that they are the founders of the social world (Khalghi, 2012: 230).
Central sign: The meaning of signs within a discourse is partially fixed around a central point. The central point is the prominent and distinguished signs in the shadow of which other signs find order and are articulated together. The central point gives meaning to other signs and preserves the semantic coherence of the entire discourse (Lacla and Mouffe, 1985: 112). Naturalization: Naturalization or objectivity refers to behavioral and mental principles that are based on consensus and necessarily become common sense after a long period of time and are accepted by the public as common knowledge.