Examining the manifestations of the school of critical realism in Gogol's dramatic works and its reflection in Akhundzadeh's works (from the perspective of Lukacs's social criticism)

Academic Thesis in Master's Degree in Dramatic Literature

Nicolai Gogol was a Russian novelist and playwright who dealt with social realities with an emotional and humorous look in his works.

In the first chapter, the generalities of the research are presented. In the second chapter, Luk?cs's point of view in this field is also explained. In the third chapter, Gogol's approach to social criticism is examined, and also in terms of the affinity of this approach with Luk?cs' considerations, a sociological analysis has been made in this field. In the fourth chapter, the origins and beginning of critical realism, the definition and its continuation in Russian literature have been examined.

In the end, considering that Akhundzadeh's plays, especially, the play ((Oklai Marafeh Tabriz)) has a close match with the play ((Inspector)) Gogol, there is a good opportunity to do a comparative analysis.

Nikolay Gogol, Luk?cs, critical realism, sociology of literature, Akhundzadeh.

Examination of social issues and its critical reflection in the form of plays in the works of Nikolai Gogol and in the Iranian example, the works of Akhundzadeh, has been one of my favorite topics in the field of dramatic literature since my undergraduate studies, for this reason, in this chapter, I also presented research for the thesis of the mentioned course.

In the current course, to continue this research and with the advice of my theoretical department supervisor, I started my research, and at the same time, I started writing a play ((Dakkel Kol)) in the practical part.

Regarding the research of my bachelor's course, which was exclusively devoted to Gogol's approach to critical realism, I decided to analyze Gogol's plays and stories from the perspective of a sociologist. Tenth, for this reason, I also benefited from Le Kach's thoughts in this field, because the concept of critical realism from Lukach's point of view was closely related sociologically to the thoughts of playwrights such as Gogol. Because there is a semantic and industrial affinity between Russian literature and Persian literature. Apart from the fact that Russian poetry and prose can be easily translated and adapted to Persian language, literary arts such as allusions, ironies and metaphors of the Russian language and sometimes proverbs of this language are matched with their equivalents in the Persian language. For this reason, I examined the reflection of Russian critical realism in Persian literature, especially in Akhundzadeh's plays.

Of course, in In other fields, research has been done on Akhundzadeh's works, the main difference of the current research is in the comparative field, so that for example: The play (Lawyers of Tabriz) has been adapted to Gogol's play Mah (Inspector).

In general, the sociological perspective of Luk?cs has been used for the initial format of this research. For this reason, in the first step, Gogol's attitude and thoughts are described critically, and in the next step, its reflection in Akhonandzadeh's works is examined.

I found it.

The first chapter: Generalities of the research

Statement of the problem

Philosophers were the first to distinguish between European realism and critical realism. The term critical realism was proposed for the first time by Luk?cs for a broader realm of literature.

He meant the concept of critical realism by analyzing the works of novelists and playwrights such as (Nicolai Gogol, Balzac, Zola). And the aesthetic and ideological reference to the literary works of socialist countries, according to him, "they use the representation of existing reality to imagine the situation of a social group and its powers and possibilities in the future.

Gogol's social dramas show us the characters of the society that want to show the existing shortcomings, and this is what Luk?cs calls the knowledge of society, so that the society is a whole and the knowledge of its various parts.In this way, we can see this conflict between the individual and the society in the literary works of critical realism authors, especially Gogol, when we place Gogol's characters in the framework of this theory, we may or may not fear that they were ridiculed by the government officials and owners in the society and had no choice but to fight, the struggle against capitalism and the beginning of socialist realism). The advantage of society is that it can ultimately create what it wants.

Now the question arises, what was the importance of critical realism for Luk?cs? Since the importance of the works of critical realism is in the reflection of contradictory ideas hidden in a social system, this type of artistic processing is prioritized. Based on the term reflection, it is not just the presentation of the surface shell of reality, but a more real and dynamic reflection of reality. Finally, by proposing the above question, it opens a window to look at the various aspects of critical realism and how it is formed in the depth of Gogol's dramatic works, which revolves around the overview of a society and realistic reflection. We can observe the way of society's realities with an analytical view of the change of characters in Gogol's social dramas more concretely.

In this article, the characteristics of the literary school of critical realism have been discussed. Among them, critical realism is a phenomenon specific to the literature of the Golden Age of Russia, and Iranian writers such as Mirza Fethali Akhundzadeh have created timeless works under the influence of this school. In the following, the manifestations of the school of realism of the critical school in the works of Akhundzadeh have been examined. In his comedic plays, Akhundzadeh has directed his harsh criticism towards the judicial system of his time and by using the features of critical realism, he has expressed various social issues of his time. 1-2-Research Background

This has not been done. By referring to the national libraries, Tehran University, Tehran University of Arts, Farhangistan, Tehran Islamic Azad University, Tarbiat Modares University, and theses that are on Iran Dog and Noor Magz websites that are in line with this topic, it is as follows:

1- Literature and politics of critical realism in Iranian literature, Abdallah Babolnia, MA, 1390, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, supervisor: Alireza Shami

2- Performance analysis Politics in art with regard to Stalinism in socialist realism, Mohammad Taghi Ghazel Safali, MA, 1380, University of Tehran, Supervisor: Rasul Mohammadi

3- Comparative study of causality and necessity in critical realism, Mansour Mohammadi, MA, 1391, Tabriz University, Supervisor: Mohammad Ali Amini

4- Critical realism in the works of Gogol, Masoud Bustani, BA, 1390, University Surah, supervisor: Shkoufeh Masouri

5- Time and fictional space in the new novel, Masoud Sanjarati, M.Sc., 1375, University of Tehran, supervisor: Saeed Bahram

6- Reflection of Russian critical realism in contemporary Persian literature, Nahid Akbarzadeh, M.Sc., 1392, University of Tehran, supervisor: Jan Elah Karimi Mothar

1-3- Objectives Research

This research tries to examine the formation of Gogol's drama and critical social literature, and its place in Russian literature with an analytical approach, and the influence of Iranian writers, especially Akhundzadeh, who, due to his complete mastery of the Russian language, as well as familiarity with Russian intellectual and literary currents such as "critical realism" and its expression in the works of Pushkin and Gogol, etc. , to pay.

Also, by benefiting from Luk?cs's idiosyncratic ideas, to search for the origin of critical realism from the beginning of its formation, especially in various dramatic works.