Investigating the role of visual elements in the collection of Ganj Ali Khan Kerman monuments

Dissertation for receiving a master degree "M.A". In the meantime, the seven-color tiling of an image that has been installed on Iranian buildings since the end of the Safavid period causes the emergence of a new artistic movement that is inextricably linked with Iranian painting, especially coffee house painting. Kashi has become the ambassador of the taste and credibility of Iranian art in all corners of the world. Because it displays all the features of Iranian art at one place. However, due to the loss of traditional Iranian architecture and being neglected, forgotten, neglected, many of the unique and decorative arts of this land such as tile work are forgotten.

Most of the buildings left in Kerman belong to the Safavid and Qajar periods It contains many beautiful and valuable pictorial tiles with different themes. Among these buildings, we can mention the Ganj Ali Khan Collection, which is characterized by the diversity in coloring, design and application of various themes in different parts of this collection, and the connection and coordination of the themes with their location are excellent, original and lasting examples of the decorations of this era. The stesnai used in this building has been discussed.

Introduction:

Iran is a land with a long history where numerous works from different periods can be seen everywhere. Throughout the history of Iran, there has always been a close connection between art and the living environment. In the culture of Iranian-Islamic civilization, the environment of human life is one of the most important platforms in which art has been embodied in the highest form. By using all kinds of materials, colors, patterns, shapes, etc., artists have created the ultimate harmony, integration and beauty in the living environment and have created a pleasant and beautiful place that suits the physical and mental needs of humans. The pinnacle of this relationship is manifested in the architecture of historical buildings.

Although a large part of Iran's land is made up of deserts and low-yielding plains without trees or greenery. In such an environment, the plains appear dusty gray and brown. Mud clay dried by the heat of the sun and baked bricks are the main building materials of these areas. In such a situation, the people of these regions have an increasing thirst to use clear and bright colors. The colors used in the places have been chosen very carefully and elaborately, which are proof of the value and important place of color in such environments. On the other hand, it shows the important effect of colors in creating vitality in the living environment. It is noteworthy that the colors used can be extracted from local sources and mines.

For more than five centuries, the main decorations of different parts of the buildings, including inscriptions, geometric and plant motifs, were done with different types of bricks. Throughout the history of Iran, there has always been a close connection between art and living environment. In the culture of Iranian-Islamic civilization, the environment of human life is one of the most important platforms in which art has been embodied in the highest form. By using all kinds of materials, colors, patterns, shapes, etc., artists have created the ultimate harmony, integration and beauty in the living environment and have created a pleasant and beautiful place that suits the physical and mental needs of humans. The pinnacle of this relationship is manifested in the architecture of historical buildings.

Although a large part of Iran's land is made up of deserts and low-yielding plains without trees or greenery. In such an environment, the plains appear dusty gray and brown. Mud clay dried by the heat of the sun and baked bricks are the main building materials of these areas. In such a situation, the people of these regions have an increasing thirst to use clear and bright colors. The colors used in the places have been chosen very carefully and elaborately, which are proof of the value and important place of color in such environments. On the other hand, it shows the important effect of colors in creating vitality in the living environment.It is noteworthy that the colors used can be extracted from local sources and mines. For more than five centuries, the main decorations of different parts of the buildings, including inscriptions, geometrical and plant motifs, were done with different types of bricks. It is possible to refer to simple plans that, with different decorations, but in harmony with the ornamented building, Iranian architects create any physical space in order to include a certain activity and to respond to the needs and demands of the users, and its shape, in addition to the above factors, was influenced by many other factors, including the characteristics of the natural environment, materials and technical facilities, the culture that governs the society, and the creativity of the designers. Surroundings, patrons of art also had a definite role in the construction, decoration and use of buildings, the construction of great works was considered a privileged right and a duty of the rulers. Dariush, Xhayyarshah, Khosrow II, Timur and Shah Abbas used all the nation's resources and talents in erecting unique buildings, local governors and prime ministers were also responsible for many beautiful buildings, including the buildings attributed to Nizam al-Mulk, the Seljuk vizier in Isfahan, or Rashid al-Din Tabriz in the Timurid era, Ganj Ali Khan Kerman in the Safavid era, or Ibrahim Khan Kerman in the Qajar era. Zadeh, 1365, 159).

In creating lasting buildings, re-studying Iranian architecture shows how it expanded during the past fifteen centuries, and in each period buildings with different characteristics in villages, cities, roads, etc. It was created that have different uses. Each of the old cities and settlements is considered a valuable cultural treasure that represents the historical process of the current social life in it, and each of its elements and spaces is indicative of a part of the social and cultural characteristics of the society. In order to get this feature and to better understand the use and functions of the building, in this chapter, while dividing and introducing the most important public buildings of the Islamic period, we will introduce the types of decorations in these buildings. Friday prayers, sermons and teaching were done in mosques. "In addition to their main function, mosques were often a kind of court of justice. Contracts were closed and signed there and transactions were completed. Normal conversations and news were exchanged, the editors had a prosperous work in the mosque, even in some parts of the mosque, today's forensic work was done, that is, corpses whose identity was not known were temporarily left there. (Pope, 1365, 94)

Inscriptions left on the walls of some mosques (Qazvin Grand Mosque and Kashan Grand Mosque) contain the endowment of places for the development and repair of mosques by the waqif or the ruler. Most of the mosques are built in the center of cities near the markets and the boundaries of Dar al-Hokumah, and if a city needed more than one mosque, other mosques were built by the government or benefactors. The importance of mosques in cities was so great that if a city did not have Jama Mosque or Adina Mosque, it would not be important as a city. The first group includes mosques and large mosques that were built by sultans, sages and ministers and were used as the main mosque and the place of Friday prayers or main gatherings, such as the Jame Mosque in Kerman or the King's Mosque in Kerman. The second group includes medium-sized mosques that were built by local elders, scholars or public participation, and usually the followers of each religion built such mosques for themselves, such as the Haj Agha Ali Mosque in Kerman. The third group includes the mosque - It becomes schools. Despite the fact that the number of mosques-schools is very few and few, but their importance is significant due to the fact that they have two functions of worship and education and at the same time and parallel to each other, each of them has allocated a part of the physical space to themselves, such as the Agha Bozor Mosque-School of Kashan or the Sayed School-Mosque of Isfahan.