Dissertation for Master's Degree (A.M)
Tension: Painting
Abstract
This research has been carried out in order to investigate new media in the art of the 20th century. Research, descriptive, analysis and content methods have been used to carry out these studies, as well as the methods of collecting information in the form of library and data collection. The main purpose of this thesis was to examine new media in the 20th century. The findings of this research show that the foundation created in the art of the 20th century led to a change in the attitude of art from the perspective of properties and museums, and caused art to belong to all sections of society, not to be owned by a certain stratum. Therefore, after analyzing the findings and studies, the results of this research show that modern media art in the 20th century, with the change in the attitudes and views of the past, changes the materials and materials used in a work of art and its concept, and tries to interact with the audience with new technologies and achieve deeper themes than the past.
Key words: art, media, 20th century, contemporary, properties, museum
Chapter 1
Overview of the research
1 Introduction
The art of the 20th century has had a persistent tendency to question the ancient tradition of painting as a unique tool with the advantage of representation, and this tendency, despite its capabilities, has been general in some areas and did not adequately express the breadth of artistic activities of this century. Therefore, the artists went beyond their usual shell and mixed different types of new materials in their works, ready-made objects and elements that are intertwined with people's daily life were added to the artists' works and decentralization changed from representation to individual expression, and through new technologies in order to convey new meanings and attitudes, the presence of new media and its evolution is brought up. The speed of creating an electronic interconnected planet in this century is reflected in the rapid expansion of artistic activities beyond the tradition of painting and sculpture and by the almost inextricable way of everyday objects into the field of art. Paying attention to the relationship between art and everyday life connects the works belonging to two very different fields of Pop and Minimalism. On the other hand, exploring the common concerns of these two trends will provide us with a correct understanding of the wide range of post-minimal works. In the current research, it examines the progress of this evolution with a historical perspective and also introduces new media such as video art, art installation, earthen art, performance art, conceptual art, digital art, with a comparative approach of index examples and examines the content of each and analyzes them. : Analytical investigation of the presence of new media in 20th century art
- Sub-goal: Introduction of new media in contemporary art and its leading artists
1-3 Research questions:
- Main question: Why is the presence of new media in contemporary art and the course of its formation?
- Sub-question: How is semantics in contemporary works?
1-4 Hypothesis Research:
-Did the presence of new media in contemporary art add new meanings to art?
1-5 Research method:
The research method of this dissertation is considered to be of a theoretical type and is a descriptive-analytical method, in other words, the available data and information have been collected and analyzed in a library method. In this process, citing the most reliable domestic and foreign sources, including articles, books and Sometimes university theses, by using multiple notes and notes, the necessary information has been extracted and finally included in the current research. 1-6 Method of data analysis: Since measuring and reducing the investigated phenomenon to numbers and figures is justifiable in the natural and pure sciences, but in the field of art studies and research and the investigation of artistic phenomena, it is only possible with general methods, so in order to achieve a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the nature of the feature discussed in this research. The author has used a qualitative method to analyze the data. Chapter Two: Background of the research: 2-1 Historical overview: The intertextuality of media or the multimedia nature of art is not a new thing at all. From the age of the caves to the classical era and even the Renaissance, no one had any special concerns about the purity of the media.
Parle Oscar Christaker in his famous 1951 article titled "The New System of Arts: A Study in the History of Aesthetics" shows that in ancient times the Greek and Latin arte were applied to all human activities that we call science and industry today, and not the fine arts that we are talking about. and it did not exist before the 18th century. (Kristeller, 498) In fact, it was in this century that a kind of literature was produced that compared all kinds of arts. Until then, the writings were about the technical issues of the arts and not the common principles and their comparison, which in the past there were divisions such as common art [4] and liberal art [5])) (Suri, 2012, 8)
( Shanir points out that the new system of fine arts was not only dependent on the relations of power, race, and gender. The key factor in the disintegration of the old system of art was that the market and audience of the middle class replaced the patronage system [6] and with the beginning of the exhibitions (halls) and the tastes of the new class, both the subject of art and the social status of artists were promoted. An unprecedented trend occurred in the art world. This process led to the hierarchization of most of the arts by leaving aside the arts of women, the non-Arab world, and non-intellectual art, and the audience was assumed to be a middle-class white man. The non-functional arts of Western men were placed in a higher place and among the arts, painting became more important.
The consequences of the industrial revolution made the boundary between art and craft more clear, and in the 19th century, the movement of beautiful beauty [7] and art for art's sake fueled the distinction. But resistances against these divisions were formed. On the one hand, the movement of arts and industry was born, and on the other hand, someone like Wagner spoke of the art of totality [8], which is like opera, the use of different art in one art. )) (Suri, 2012, 7)
((From the late 20s to the 40s, as cinema became more and more dominated by Hollywood, the global avant-garde languished until its revival in America in the 50s. In the meantime, visual arts under the influence of the European Dadaism school underwent fundamental changes, especially through the works of Marcel Luchamp (1887-1968), who are of fundamental importance in the field of new media art.
The feeling that one has about Marcel Duchamp is basically the same feeling that one can have towards the art of the late 20th century, and this is because of his very deep influence on the art of the 20th century. He raised this question at the deepest level, "What is art?" He produced a wonderful collection of works, from painting to multimedia art, the large glass [9], also his famous work entitled ``The bride is naked even'' [10], arrangement [11], (Etant donnes, 1946-66) and film (Cinema Be Remaq [12], 1926).
Emphasizing objects instead of emphasizing the concept provides the possibility to recognize multiple methods in redefining artistic creation. His importance in the current study is not only in what he did but in what he made possible in art. The kind of thinking that it promoted was exploration in different media and art forms that seemed very normal and expected.
Duchamp's free approach to materials and forms for those who considered the "business" of art unpleasant, put a distance between the artwork and the market demand, at least at the beginning. Because in these works the idea was important and it was not yet clear how to sell an idea. (Later, conceptual artists, if they can be called that, such as Sel Levit[13], Donal Judd[14], Joseph Cassot[15], found a way for it.)) (Rush, Michael, 2019)
((It seemed to the artists of the late 50s and 60s whose thoughts about what makes art were more or less influenced by Duchamp., a kind of Materials were important as mediums for expressing certain beliefs. Joseph Beuys (1921-86), who criticized Duchamp for his indifference to politics, exhibited felt pants and Robert Rauschenberg attached pillows and quilts to canvas.) (ibid., 24)
(The late 1950s was an appropriate time for an artistic break like Duchamp to exert a wide influence, especially in America