Organizing urban informal settlements according to the LR model in Bandar Anzali

Dissertation for Master's degree (MA)

Trend: Urban Planning

Abstract

Informal settlement is one of the undesirable consequences of urbanization in the contemporary world, which has been formed especially as a result of rapid industrialization and regional inequalities, and has made cities face many problems. The expansion of informal settlements with the expansion of social harms such as prostitution, addiction, theft, etc. It has a direct relationship. The increase in these settlements is also a function of poverty, the increase in the price of rent and housing, the unemployment rate, etc. Due to the lack of safety in construction, informal settlements are always considered a threat to their residents. People living in these settlements are exposed to all kinds of insecurities and are considered a threat to society. Due to social isolation, internal complexes, financial poverty and cultural weakness, these people reproduce crime and all kinds of social corruption within themselves. The existence of these settlements is currently considered the main challenge factor in the sustainable development and economic, social, cultural and economic stability of the country's metropolises. Therefore, the current research investigated the organization of informal urban settlements according to the LR model in Bandar Anzali. The statistical population of the current research is all the citizens of Novira neighborhood, which was selected as a statistical sample using 275 random sampling. A questionnaire was used as a work tool to measure, and descriptive statistics (prevalence, percentage) and inferential statistics (chi-square) were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the use of government loans and aggregation Land can be effective in the organization of informal settlements.

Key words: organization, informal settlement, LR model, Bandar Anzali

Introduction

From the years before the glorious Islamic Revolution of Iran and especially after it in 1357 and the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Iran, with the influx of villagers to the big cities of Iran and the indiscriminate expansion and development of the cities to its peripheral areas caused Despite the existence of facilities and services and amenities in these areas, informal settlements are formed and its growth is increased day by day. The lack of facilities, necessary and sufficient facilities, services and standard per capita for these urban spaces caused social problems to appear more and more and come close to a disaster and explosion. In the early years of the victory of the Islamic Revolution, with the studies and thoughts of urban planners, new cities were defined and founded in the vicinity of large cities, so that urgent action should be taken regarding the organization and lack of development of cities. After that, according to the growing trend of migration to big cities, not only the new cities for housing It didn't give immigrants, but the previous informal settlements also flourished again, underwent transformation and development.

Informal settlement has been used by different names in Iran, especially: marginal settlement, slum settlement, abnormal housing, self-initiated settlement, spontaneous settlement. (Hataminejad et al., 1385: 133).

According to the document of empowering and organizing informal settlements, such settlements in Iran have three main characteristics:

Hasty housing by users, which mainly due to the lack of building permits and not following official urban planning, has created disorderly groups;

Functional continuity with the main city and disconnection A body of it with an accumulation of mainly low-income and poor classes;

an environment with low quality of life and a severe lack of services and urban infrastructure and high population density (Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, 2013: 21)

The executive levels of the research have been compiled in the following chapters:

In the first chapter, the research plan is given, in which things such as: statement of the problem, importance and the necessity of the research, goals, questions and hypotheses were presented in line with the topic of the research.

In the second chapter of the research, issues such as definitions, concepts and theoretical frameworks surrounding the organization of informal settlements were discussed.

In the third chapter of the research, the geographical features of the city of Bandar Anzali were mentioned.

In the fourth chapter of the research, which is known as its main body, the field findings were detailed The researcher discussed the issue from various dimensions. Finally, the fifth chapter of the research evaluates the existing hypotheses, summarizes and concludes from the research findings, and presents suggested solutions.

One of the areas of urban development instability over time is a type of residence with its special problems, which can be called informal housing in the contemporary era. Such settlements, which have an ugly appearance, poor services, residents of cooperatives and unstable jobs, become an environment ready to accept social anomalies (Sarafi, 1381: 79). Marginalization and informal settlement is a phenomenon that follows structural changes and emergence of economic and social issues and problems, such as excessive and unplanned migrations from the village to the city; The challenges of the macro (national) and local (city) management process, the lack of land use and regional planning have emerged (Buchani, 2004: 60). According to United Nations Human Settlement Program estimates, one-third of the three billion people living in cities live in slums or places that have at least the following conditions: insecure tenure, abnormal structural conditions of housing, poor access to safe drinking water and nutrition, and overcrowding (UN-HABITAT, 2005). It is said that more than half to three-quarters of the population of the cities of these countries are in the area of ??informal settlement and marginalization (Zanjani, 2010: 5). According to the estimates of the United Nations Housing Center, more than 50% of the residents of cities in low-income countries and 20% in middle-income countries live in these types of settlements, where the indicators of literacy, health, income and social progress in these areas are clearly lower than the urban average of those countries (Farzin Saba, 2014: 2). In the latest report of the United Nations Human Settlements Center, it is stated that between one-third and one-fourth of the world's urban population lives in absolute poverty. Today, the number of urban poor in Asia is more than half of the 90s (Sarafi, 2011: 5). Of course, this issue does not mean that informal settlements exist only in undeveloped countries, but the origin of this phenomenon was in industrialized countries, and in some writings, the cause of this issue is due to the industrial revolution and its consequences (Aghabakhshi et al., 2012: 2).

The course of urban development in Iran over the past twenty years has caused the urban population to double and predictions indicate that this growth will continue rapidly. Currently, the speed of urban development has exceeded the capacity and ability of the government and municipalities to expand infrastructure and provide services and create employment, as a result, the phenomenon of informal settlement has expanded rapidly and irregularly. It is estimated that one-third of the urban population in our country resides in such settlements (Sarafi, 2005: 5).

According to the statistics of the United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS) in 2001, 924 million people (about 30%) of the world's urban population lived in informal settlements and slums (GTZ, 2005, p1), most of which have a polluted environment. They have been disgusting, insecure and cause health and social problems (Kapoor, Mudit, pp1-2). In a regional perspective, at least 200 million people lived in informal settlements (GTZ, ibid, p3). The results of the latest estimates show that in 1385, about 8 million people of the country's urban population lived in informal settlements and 2 million people lived in dilapidated structures, and a total of 10.5 million people lived in poor housing conditions in the country's cities (Sarafi, 1387: 8). Until 1400 AH. As Iran's urban population doubles, 30 percent of the new urban dwellers (more than 10 million people) will be low-income, and between 5 and 7 million of them will be pushed to informal settlements, mainly in big cities and metropolises, if the conditions in the plans continue (Sarafi, 2013: 33). Even if the speed of physical and demographic expansion of informal settlements slows down, the existing trends indicate the deepening of poor housing conditions and unstable economy in them, and in fact, in the coming decades, we will witness the qualitative and quantitative degradation of indicators in the physical structure and content (structure erosion and decline and degradation of infrastructural services), economic and social compared to other new urban areas.