Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A)
Department of dramatic literature
Dissertation abstract (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and results obtained):
Solar decade, in terms of political and social conditions, is one of the turbulent decades of contemporary Iranian history. In this decade, the reformist government that believed in granting more freedoms to writers and artists gave way to a government that did not believe in such freedoms in the least. In addition to this management transformation at high levels of power, there are other minor and major political events such as the 2018 elections, international sanctions, the closing of the political and social space, and so on. It happened that turned the 80s into one of the most important periods in the history of political and social developments in our country. It is expected that these developments will affect the writers in a conscious and unconscious way and they will reflect these developments in their works.
The upcoming research is trying to establish a link between sociology and dramatic literature of our country with the aim of finding these effects. This effort will be possible by rereading, analyzing and interpreting the plays that were written in the 1980s. The author wants to know what kind of image of the 80s society and its social developments have been reflected by the playwrights in their works?
It goes without saying that this reflection happens in an incomplete way. Censorship and non-licensing causes the works of this group to not enter the showcases of bookstores or theaters, and if they do, it will be done after many adjustments. In other words, the image that the opponents have reflected in their works is incomplete and distorted. In order to pass the sharp blade of censorship, they are forced to reflect the society in their works in such a way that their work does not sink into the totality and at least a part of it is seen. In this regard, it might not be bad to point out parts of the play "Drought and Lies" by Mr. Mohammad Yaqoubi, in which parts of the play were deleted by order of the authorities and the actors performed the deleted dialogues in slow motion and in silence. It goes without saying that these parts reflected images of the society, which by removing them, part of the image was lost and their place was left in the form of holes in the work. It is discussed and analyzed and an effort is made to present a more comprehensive picture of the society of the eighties.
Introduction:
Sociology of literature, especially in the field of dramatic literature, is a less known field for researchers. Part of this estrangement comes from the need to get familiar with the two disciplines of sociology and dramatic literature together, which is limiting in its own way; And another part related to the relative lack of work in this field. Of course, researches have been conducted and critics such as Georg Lukacs [1] (1885-1971) and Lucien Goldman [2] have done valuable work in this regard. And in the next step, a clear picture of the social changes of our country should be drawn in the content of the dramatic works.
Researchers in the field of literature and art often refer to the author's social and family conditions to understand artistic/literary works. By examining the cultural, economic, political conditions. In different periods of his life, the author tries to understand the origin of the author's artistic/literary works and discover the hidden issues in the works. In other words, these researchers start from the author's environmental conditions and reach the emerging works. However, in this research, the writer has broken the tradition and started in a movement opposite to what has been customary until now, and then reached the social conditions.
For this purpose, the 80s solar decade has been taken into consideration in terms of time affinity and as a result of the applicability of the research result, and efforts have been made to read and analyze works from all artistic spectrums. A serious effort has been focused on the issue that the selection, analysis and results are carried out in complete impartiality so that the results of the work have scientific and research value.
To analyze the works, it was necessary to define a specific theoretical framework. I made the theory of "contradiction" the basis of my research in terms of the inherent similarity of this sociological theory with the structure of drama and that conflict and conflict are considered a fundamental element in both.
The point that should be mentioned is related to the interpretation of the text of the plays. An author may write a work with a completely personal intention that is hidden from the audience and does not accept the interpretation of the audience and critics. But the writer of these lines believes that a "text" is an entity independent of its author and can have its own special interpretation as many readers as possible. I also have my own interpretation here, which may not be accepted by the creator of the work. "The interpreter creates himself while interpreting. Such an interpreter can be considered Heidegger's "Dasein"; Because Dasein also creates "itself" while interpreting the world. What is important in the interpretation of "self" is the existence of Dasein. When Dasein interprets the world or the text, it decides to be "in-the-world" in a new way. While interpreting, the interpreter not only creates the meaning of the text, but also creates himself ontologically. The hermeneutic action of interpretation is an action in which the "self" of the interpreter is created. ] Nietzsche, Friedrich, Will to Power, Mohammad Baqer Hoshiar, Farzan Rooz, Tehran, 2007, p. 481[
According to all the researches, the definitions, terms, components and structure of the school of contradictions were given in general and at the required level of our discussion. Then, a summary of the selected drama works of the eighties along with the idea hidden in their plot was tested against the mentioned theory and finally I reached the final analysis.
Undoubtedly, this research is not without shortcomings What, any attempt in unknown territory will be accompanied by weaknesses and mistakes. But it may be a prelude for future deep and extensive researches.
Chapter 1:
Generalities of the research
Statement of the problem:
The overall society has become integrated. In this totality, each element has a deep connection with other elements. If there is a deficiency in one of the elements of the society, other elements will also change. Writers and artists, as a sensitive segment of society, are affected by these changes and reflect it in their works. By criticizing the issues and problems of the society, they warn managers, planners and members of the society against the occurrence of undesirable changes and in some cases they predict the current and future changes. By evaluating their awareness of the society, they can monitor its future path and the cultural, social and political movements of the people and warn the society to face those changes. For example, the Russian writer Anton Chekhov depicted the future developments of Tsarist Russia and the occurrence of the Russian Revolution in 1901 by writing the play Three Sisters and in 1904 by writing the play The Cherry Orchard. Gholamhossein Saedi also warned about the changes that Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's modernism had created in the future of society in the play Da'wa. This testimony and prediction of societal developments can be read as literature's testimony of self-awareness of the social events of its era.
In order to find the answer to the main question, the author examined the works of two groups of prominent playwrights from two different trends (defenders of the status quo and opponents of the status quo) and will reflect the image of our country's society from their perspective. Hossein, Arash Abbasi, Ayoub Agha Khani, Salma Salalay, Chista Yatharbi, Nadatabti, Hale Mushtakhini, Adalat Farzaneh, Mohammad Chermshir, Mohammad Yaqoubi, Fars Bagheri, Hossein Kiyani, Alireza Naderi, Amir Mohammad Yarahamdi, Bahare Mehranjad, Alireza Hanifi, Mohammad Reza Beginah, Nasrallah Qadri, Shahram Karmi and Mohammad Rezaei Rad have been investigated.
1-2 Research Background:
Many books have been published to examine social changes; But all of them from the perspective of sociologists, psychologists, historians, etc. has been done The author's research shows that so far no book, article or research has been published regarding playwrights' view of social changes. If this research is successful and gives a favorable result, it can be a prelude to such investigations. 1-3 research objectives: To provide a clear picture of social, cultural, moral, family relationships.