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  3. Investigating the causal relationship between leadership behavior and group cohesion in adolescent athletes

Investigating the causal relationship between leadership behavior and group cohesion in adolescent athletes

Number of pages: 118 File Format: word File Code: 30561
Year: 2013 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Physical Education - Sports
Tags/Keywords: Democratic behavior - Dominant behavior - Positive feedback behavior - Training and practice behavior and social support behavior and the level of group cohesion
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  • Summary of Investigating the causal relationship between leadership behavior and group cohesion in adolescent athletes

    Dissertation for receiving a master's degree (M.A)

    Tension: Sports Management

    Abstract

    In order to improve the performance and cohesion of the team and group, several factors are involved. Among the important cases, leaders' behavior is influencing the subordinates, and the purpose of this research was to investigate the causal relationship between leadership behavior and the level of group cohesion in adolescent athletes. This research was a causal research that was carried out in the field. The statistical population of this research includes all the male adolescent athletes of Qom province who were studying in the academic year 2011-2012, numbering 5000 people. The statistical sample of this research consisted of 250 athletes. The measurement tool of this research was the group environment questionnaire in Karon, Widmeyer and Brawley sports and the leadership scale questionnaire in Cheladurai sports.

    The data are summarized and described using descriptive statistics indicators and the structural equation of SME was used to test the causal relationship model and for data analysis, Lisrel software was used with a confidence level of 0.05. The five research hypotheses showed that there is a causal relationship between democratic behavior, positive feedback behavior, training and practice behavior, and social support behavior and the level of group cohesion in adolescent athletes. According to the findings of the research, it can be claimed with a probability of 95% that leadership behavior has a significant relationship with group cohesion in adolescent athletes. 

    . Introduction

    Sports psychology is a branch of sports science that seeks to provide answers to various questions in the fields of human behavior in the field of sports. Since psychology studies behavior, of course the subject of sports psychology is studies, movements and sports activities in all dimensions, from the motor activity of a primary school child to world and Olympic competitions. Nowadays, due to the fact that many sports activities take place in a group form, sports management sciences and sports psychology have a special place in the success and performance of sports teams. When people try to achieve a goal, often someone takes responsibility for the group as a manager and leader. This person must have the skills and characteristics necessary to lead the group in order to be able to guide the members of the group towards the desired goal (Hmark, 2001).

    In sports, this role is the responsibility of the manager and He is the one who is in charge of leading the athletes and will play an important role in team performance and cohesion. The successful performance of teamwork requires the existence of solidarity among group members, in sports, especially team sports, like other groups and organizations, it is a necessary condition to achieve the common goal of group unity and cohesion, which undoubtedly the team coach, who is responsible for leading the athletes, plays a key role in this field. Successful sports teams often have a prominent feature that separates them from unsuccessful teams, which is active and competent effective management and leadership (M. Leith, 2001).

    Coaches want to be active, hardworking and energetic and accept many responsibilities, therefore they are expected to competently lead complex sports programs and train athletes with technical skills in a very high pressure environment (Lawsen, 2002).

    About the profession of coaching and its characteristics, a variety of materials have been presented by experts, and various psychology books have dedicated a section to discussing this fascinating and difficult profession. Martens says in the coach's manual that coaching is a job different from other jobs in the society and what is expected from the coach is to deliver noble and good people to the society. This profession is demanding and difficult and requires different skills. Coaching is a helping profession and it should be embryo (M Leith, 2001).

    A coach will be an effective and competent manager if he has the necessary skills to guide and lead athletes. One of the most important skills needed for a coach is leadership. Some of the important tasks in the field of leadership include creating motivation, developing effective relationships with athletes, and creating cohesion and coordination (M. Leith, 2001).

    In the field of coaches' behavior in sports teams, Cheladurai (1990) announced the multidimensional model of sports.

    Team cohesion includes task cohesion and social cohesion. Social cohesion shows the amount of intrapersonal attraction among members, for example, how much the group allows people to achieve their goals. Task cohesion also includes a practical assessment of the athlete's level of effort and team coordination, which shows how well each team and its members achieve their goals. A basic conceptual model of cohesion in sports teams was presented by Caron (1982). This model is based on the assumption that there are many factors related to group cohesion or predicting it. (Democratic and autocratic) Intrapersonal relationships between the coach and players (in response to situations in which the team is under pressure) influence on the cohesion of sports teams. The fact is that the leadership style is effective and athletes are human and not machines that are affected by the behaviors, perceptions and divisions of their coach. Caligo believes that anyone can learn how to become a successful leader by learning influencing behaviors (J.B.L., 1998).

    He should be able to achieve the satisfaction of people or players at the sports level, in fact, good and appropriate leadership promotes personal growth, performance motivation and work satisfaction forgives (Chladurai and Caron 1983)

    Sport psychologists believe that determining a common goal that can differentiate the group's efforts towards it is critical to achieving success. Feeling together is a team characteristic called group cohesion. In team sports where teams interact with each other, success is achieved when team members work together in effective and coordinated ways. This is where the role of the coach as a leader and coordinator will be more defined and his leadership style plays a significant role in creating team cohesion (Talibpour, 2015).

    2.1. Statement of the problem

    In today's advanced world, no athlete can climb the peaks without having a knowledgeable and competent coach. According to his role, the sports leader is a link between the athletes and the goals of the team. The importance of the role of coaches in sports and the position of athletes makes it necessary to know and examine their leadership style (Ahmadi, 2014).

    Leadership is actually the act of influencing the activities of an athlete or a group of them in a certain situation so that they strive for individual and team goals out of desire. In other words, the leadership process is a function of the coach, athlete, and other situational variables (Khalaj, Gilda, 2009).

    Truly, in order to achieve the success of a sports team, the role of the coach as the team leader cannot be ignored. Leadership in the broadest sense can be expressed as a behavioral process that affects individuals and groups in the direction of certain goals. In sports successes, this role is played by the coach, and he is the one who guides and leads the players, and his efficient leadership plays an important role in the group's performance (Khalaj, Gilda, 2009).

    According to Frost, coaches are the main axis and important pillar of sports teams. Among the three important and influential factors in the success of teams, i.e. athletes, coaches and spectators, the coach is the leader of the team as a strong organizer and the foundation of any progress. Past experience has shown. Coaching is a field different from other fields and it requires a wide range of skills (Moradi, 2013).

    Petron, Einciser and Kaus (2001) investigated the relationship between dimensions of authoritarian behavior and group cohesion and success in men's and women's football teams in the United States. The results showed that the athletes in the lower ranks are more cohesive. Also, according to the findings of these researchers, group cohesion was highly related to team performance. Their results regarding the dimensions of leadership behavior showed that contrary to expectations, athletes prefer autocratic leadership compared to democratic behavior (Khalaj, Gilda, 2010).

  • Contents & References of Investigating the causal relationship between leadership behavior and group cohesion in adolescent athletes

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    Table of contents

    Title                                                                                    Page

    Chapter One: Introduction and Introduction

    1.1. Introduction 3

    2.1. Statement of problem 4

    3.1. The necessity and importance of research. 5

    4.1. Research objectives. 7

    1.4.1. general purpose 7

    2.4.1. Specific goals. 7

    5.1. The main hypotheses. 7

    6.1. Research method. 8

    7.1. Statistical population and its volume. 8

    8.1. Measuring tool. 8

    1.8.1. Group environment questionnaire in sports. 8

    2.8.1. Leadership Scale Questionnaire in Sports. 8

    Chapter Two: Theoretical foundations and research background

    1.2. Definitions of leadership. 11

    2.2. Mandatory leadership (authoritarian) 13

    3.2. Supportive leadership. 14

    4.2. The nature of leadership in sports. 16

    5.2. Leadership theories in sports. 18

    6.2. The theory of leadership traits in sports environments. 19

    7.2. Personality theories of leadership. 19

    8.2. Theories of personality traits of the leader. 20

    1.8.2. Superman theory 20

    2.8.2. Leader's personality traits. 20

    3.8.2. Behavioral description of leadership. 21

    4.8.2. Theories of leadership behavior. 22

    5.8.2. Ohio University Studies. 25

    6.8.2. University of Michigan studies. 26

    7.8.2. Blake & Motan Management/Leadership Network. 27

    8.8.2. Fiedler's contingency model of leadership. 28

    9.8.2. Fiedler pattern. 28

    10.8.2. Contingent theories. 31

    11.8.2. Fiedler contingency model in sports. 31

    12.8.2. Life cycle model of situational leadership. 33

    13.8.2. Multidimensional model of leadership in sport. 35

    14.8.2. Multidimensional model of leadership (MML) 40

    15.8.2. The multiple link model of leadership. 42

    16.8.2. The role of leadership in sports. 43

    17.8.2. Application of different coaching styles in sports. 44

    9.2. Group cohesion. 46

    1.9.2. Difference between group and team: 49

    2.9.2. Definition of group cohesion. 50

    3.9.2. Factors affecting group cohesion. 52

    4.9.2. Effects of cohesion on group performance 54

    10.2. Research background. 55

    Chapter Three: Research Methodology

    1.3. Research method. 69

    2.3. Statistical population. 69

    3.3. Statistical sample and sampling method. 69

    4.3. Research variables. 69

    5.3. Operational definition of variables 69

    6.3. Group cohesion. 70

    7.3.  Data collection 71

    1.7.3. Measuring tool. 71

    8.3. Statistical methods. 72

    Chapter Four: Statistical Analysis

    1.4. Descriptive findings. 74

    1.1.4. Description of demographic characteristics. 74

    2.1.4. Description of the characteristics of the participants based on their championship history. 76

    2.4. Inferential findings. 77

    1.2.4. Reliability test of research tools. 77

    2.2.4. Null hypothesis tests. 77

    Chapter Five: Discussion and Conclusion

    1.5. Discussion and conclusion. 86

    1.1.5. Finding (related to the first null hypothesis) 86

    2.1.5. Finding (related to the second null hypothesis) 86

    3.1.5. Finding (related to the third null hypothesis) 87

    4.1.5. Finding (related to the fourth null hypothesis) 87

    5.1.5. Findings (related to the fifth null hypothesis) 88

    Suggestions arising from the research. 89

    Suggestions arising from research. 89

     

     

     

    Appendices 90

     

    Resources. 101

     

    English abstract

    Source:

     

    Persian:

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    Aslankhani, Mohammad Ali, 1375, Description of leadership styles and organizational climate and its relationship with the level of job satisfaction from the point of view of sports professors of selected universities in the country, doctoral dissertation, Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tehran.

    Anshel, Mark H, 1380, Sports psychology, from theory to practice, translated by Seyed Ali Asghar Mosad, Information Publications.

    Bagheri, Ghadrat Elah et al., 2014, the relationship between the leadership styles of football coaches and the level of commitment and integrity of players, Journal of Motion and Sports Sciences, Volume 1, Number 5, page 40.

    Bard, Anne Marie, 2016, Psychology and Sports Behavior, translated by Hassan Mortazavi, Publications of the Research Office of the Physical Education Organization.

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    Jera Noush, Reza, 2016, Examining the dimensions of satisfaction of athletes in clubs in Mazandaran province, Master's thesis, physical training and sports sciences, North Higher Education Institute, Amol.

    Jaskon, Roger, Palmer, Richard, 2015, Guide to sports management, translated by Abbas Ali Gaini, National Olympic Committee Publications.

    Chaladurai Pakinatan, 2016. Human resource management in Olympic sports organizations, translated by Rahim Ramzaninejad et al., Tehran, Smit, first edition.

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    Dassler, Gary, 1372, Fundamentals of Management, translated by Dawood Madani, Qoms Publishing.

    Robbins, Stephen P., 1386, Organizational Behavior, Concepts, Theories and Applications, translated by Ali Parsian and Seyed Mohammad Arabi, Semt Publications.

    Rezaian, Ali, 1381, Fundamentals of Organization and Management, Semat Publications, 432.

    Ramazaninejad, Rahim and Hakimi, Iman, 2019, Management and Leadership Styles in Sports, Asr Etezir Publications.

    Ramazaninejad, Rahim et al., 2018, Advanced Management in Sports, Rasht, Gilan University, first edition.

    Ramazaninejad, Rahim et al., 2019, the relationship between coaching styles and cohesion. Team and success of female volleyball teams of Islamic Azad University, Movement and University of Tehran, No. 4, pp. 5-12.

    Sajadi, Seyed Nasrallah, Jahan Nejati, Maryam, 2013, talent scouting of women's grassroots football in the country, lecture paper, the first national conference of Iran grassroots football management, Tehran.

    Seyed Ameri, Mir Hassan, 2013, design and explanation of a three-dimensional model of leadership style, creativity and effectiveness of university sports managers. Doctoral thesis, field of education and physical education and sports sciences, Tarbiat Modares University.

    Sadegh, Sara, 2017, investigation of the leadership style of coaches with group cohesion of players of successful and unsuccessful basketball teams of Iran's Premier League in 2016, master's thesis, physical education and sports sciences, University of Tehran. University sports of the country, the 7th national conference of physical education and sports sciences in Tabriz.

    Fathi, Mehrdad et al., 2014, the relationship between the leadership styles of the coaches of the national wrestling teams of the world, and the level of attitude toward their success, Journal of Motion and Sports Sciences, volume 1, number 5, page 166.

    Farhangi, Ali Akbar, Shah Mirzaei, Vahid, Hosseinzadeh, Ali, 2014, theory Managers and celebrities of management, Farandish Publishing, p. 153. Kazem, Mohammad, 2013, Fahim managers and basic concepts, Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, Printing and Publications Organization. Kazemi, Arzoo, the relationship between the leadership styles of the coaches of women's basketball teams of Tehran clubs and the level of perception of improvement in players, Master's thesis, Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Tarbiat Moalem University.

    Cronbach, Lee, Chi, 1372, translated by Razavi, Masoud, Educational Psychology, Dehkhoda Publishing House, 1351, (Khaki, 1379, p. 142).

    Chrisa Berg, Richard Debillo, 1390.

    Lawson, Robert B., Shen Zang, 1381, Organizational Behavior and Organizational Psychology, Basics and Applications, translated by Ramzan Hassanzadeh. Savalan Publications.

    Leith, Larry M., 2018, Sports Management, translated by Hashim Kozechian, Danesh Afzor Publications, p. 25.

    Martens, Rainer, 2018, Sports Psychology, translated by Dr. Mohammad Khabiri, National Olympic Publications of the Islamic Republic of Iran, p. 106

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