The effect of pop training program on physical parameters and 100 meters freestyle record of 10-14 year old female swimmers.

Academic Thesis for Master's Degree

Physical Education and Sports Sciences Majoring in Sports Physiology

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of post-activity strengthening training program (PAP) on the physical indicators and the 100m freestyle record of 10- to 14-year-old female swimmers. Methodology: For this purpose, 24 female swimmers between the ages of 10 and 14 were invited to swim training. The criteria for selecting these teenagers was to have at least 3 years of continuous training. Height, weight, leg explosive power, subcutaneous fat thickness, and 100 meters speed swimming record in free style were measured before the test. Then the swimmers were randomly divided into two homogenized groups of 12 PAP (age 12.3±0.34 years, weight 46.71±3.69 kg, height 156±2.54 cm) and control (age 12.4±0.43, weight 47.53±3.81 kg, height 152.16±3.16 cm). The experimental group did PAP exercises 3 times a week for six weeks. PAP exercises were performed by parachute in the water. The control group did normal swimming exercises. After the end of the course, the amount of subcutaneous fat, explosive power and 100m freestyle swimming record were taken. After ensuring the normality of the data distribution (Kolmograph-Smirnov test), covariance was used to compare dependent variables in the experimental group with the control group. In addition, the correlated t statistical method was used to compare the pre-test and post-test variables within the groups. Findings: The findings showed that the PAP method improved the performance and decreased the record of swimmers in the experimental group and had a significant effect (P>0.05), but this decrease was not significant in the control group. The results of this research showed that the PAP exercise program did not cause any change in the result of body composition, which includes fat percentage and fat-free weight, in both control and experimental groups, and it was not statistically significant (P<0.05). The effect of PAP training on leg explosive power in the two stages of pre-test and final test was different in the experimental group (P < 0.05), so that the swimmers showed better performance in the final test. But this difference was not significant in the control group (P<0.05).

Conclusion: The results of this research show that the PAP training program of this research improved the record, the explosive power of the leg muscles of female swimmers aged 10 to 14 years, and it can be used to prepare these swimmers at least 6 weeks before the competition.

1-1. Introduction

It may take up to three decades from the time a swimmer begins his sports life to achieve his best sports performance. One of the main reasons for this long period is the time needed to create functional and especially structural adaptations that can only be achieved with regular and continuous exercises over several years. Therefore, the purpose of training is to make changes in physiological, biochemical, technical, psychological, etc. mechanisms. The main goal of the training process is definitely to increase performance. For coaches and athletes, this goal is clearly the best goal. However, achieving this goal is not easy. It should be said that increasing performance is actually a voluntary process that leads to adaptation (3). One of the most important goals of researchers in the field of sports science is to find new training methods that bring the best results for coaches and athletes. Since strength and endurance exercises are the basis for achieving maximum performance for any physical activity, athletes at any level, whether amateur-professional or even at any level of physical fitness, pay special attention to this category of exercises (15). In order to find out the maximum potential of the human body's capabilities in different dimensions, especially anatomical and physiological, it is better to use elite athletes and heroes, and to achieve such capabilities, with the help of relevant sciences, appropriate and desirable methods and ways are chosen (20). A large number of sports activities, such as swimming sprints, football and a number of other sports, require a combination of two components of strength and endurance to reach peak performance (3). Also, this material shows that when motor units become stronger, fewer motor units are used to produce a certain force or a certain speed.Also, this material shows that when the motor units become stronger, fewer motor units are used to produce a certain force or a certain speed, thus creating a reserve of motor units available for additional work (2).

1-2. Statement of the problem

Elite athletes at the highest championship levels do not appear suddenly. Their physical fitness and skill is the result of efforts, years of continuous and long training, and the result of the hard work of trainers and workers, which has been planned and implemented with great patience. The records achieved at the world level show that coaches and athletes can no longer search for their successes in an imaginary world far from scientific facts and relying on legends. The progress of laboratory equipment and medical sciences and the basis and application of the findings of these sciences in physical education and sports under the heading of sports physiology, movement learning, biomechanics, sports psychology has caused the planning, guidance and implementation of training programs that enable the success of the athlete to develop significantly (20). They perform at their peak, apart from the 400, 800 and 1500 meters, most swimming competitions end in less than two minutes, and this time shows that a large part of the energy required in these disciplines is provided by anaerobic means, and victory in them depends on high strength and power. But training should go beyond boosting swimmers' energy supply and strength. It may be argued that swimming technique is the most important determinant of victory. Therefore, the general agreement is that swimming training should: 1) Maximize the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems of swimmers. 2) Increase the strength and power of the swimmer. 3) Strengthen swimming technique. The important issue in strength training for swimming is to increase strength and power. Therefore, scientific research has shown that traditional (old) programs of weight training may increase muscle strength without a real emphasis on swimming (3). Recently, a concept known as post-activity strengthening (PAP) [1], in order to increase the power to develop strength, has been strongly proposed in athletes. The concept of PAP is expressed by Robbins[2] in such a way that by performing PAP, the force exerted by the muscle increases due to the previous contraction. Post-exercise potentiation is a theory that states that the contraction of one muscle will influence the mechanical performance of the subsequent muscle contraction. Therefore, PAP is the increase in muscle force and the rate of force development that occurs as a result of previous muscle activation and increases force, strength at high speed, muscle contraction force. On the other hand, the excitation of the nervous system increases the contractile function for high stimulation. There are different methods to increase the power and strength of athletes (43). One of the most effective and common ways to increase competitive performance is to use different training methods. Despite the differences of opinion regarding the training methods of swimmers, most experts agree on the importance of specific training methods, including resistance training, and consider these exercises to be an inseparable part of the training program of swimming champions.

Another discussion that perhaps swimming is more important than other sports is the characteristics of training, competition and tests. Therefore, it is better for swimmers to perform any type of exercise, including resistance exercises with movements similar to the technique used in competition (29). Toussaint and Veron [3] in (1990) used the MAD system [4] to design a new exercise. The effects of this design on exercises that were called [5] POP ??(exercise design with the appropriate method to increase the maximum power output during swimming) were determined by comparing the increase in the performance of the training group and the control group. The training group showed a significant improvement during the competition in distances of 50-100 and 200 meters (71).

In another study conducted by Hsu and his colleagues [6] in 1997, they concluded that strength training can increase the speed of swimmers (50). On the other hand, the findings of some studies indicate that strength training has increased the power and strength of swimmers, but this increase is not related to the increase in speed and has not improved the swimmer's performance in distances of 50-100 meters (40, 66).