The effect of 8 weeks of intense training with and without aqueous extracts of red and black velic on plasma and liver levels of neuropeptide w, cortisol and T4 hormones in male rats.

Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences

Dissertation to receive Master's degree

Abstract:

Context and purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of 8 weeks of intense exercise with and without water extract (red and black valelic) on plasma and liver neuropeptide w levels, cortisol and plasma T4 hormones in male rats.

Materials and methods: In this experimental study The statistical population consisted of 42 male rats of the Wistar breed. The subjects were randomly divided into 6 groups: saline control (7 heads), training saline (7 heads), red and white control (7 heads), red and white training (7 heads), black and white control (7 heads) and black and white training (7 heads). The control red velik, training red velik, control red velik, and red velik training groups were given 1 ml of red and black velik extract per 100 grams of mouse weight orally immediately after training, 5 days a week for 6 weeks from the end of the second week, and the saline groups were treated the same as other groups. The subjects of the training group also performed eight weeks of endurance training. The training groups trained for 8 weeks and 5 days per week at a speed of 34 meters per minute and a zero degree slope. After completing the training period, all groups were killed under the same conditions and liver tissue and plasma were isolated. The concentration of plasma and liver neuropeptide w, cortisol and T4 hormones were measured by ELISA kit. Results: The results of the study showed that intense training with the consumption of red and black velik could not produce a significant change in the concentration of plasma and liver neuropeptide w, also the black velik training group had the highest levels of plasma cortisol hormone (185%) compared to other groups. T4 hormone was increased in the black velic training group (134%) and decreased in the red velic training group (89%).

Discussion and conclusion: It seems that intense exercise combined with the use of velic extract affects the concentration of neuropeptide w and selected hormones through different mechanisms.

-1: Introduction

Lifestyle change And not paying attention to food plans has led today's societies to gain weight, obesity, and lack of management of false appetite and, along with it, to inactivity. Obesity and excessive increase in fat tissue is one of the health problems in different countries of the world, which occurs after changing living conditions and reducing physical activity, and as a result, the imbalance of energy intake and consumption. In recent years, the prevalence of obesity has been increasing. Obesity is known as a public health crisis ]3[.

The prevalence of obesity and its rapid progress have led research to move towards the regulation and balance of body weight. Basically, obesity and overweight are the result of energy imbalance, whereby the energy received is more than the energy consumed. One of the factors affecting obesity is the amount of food intake. Food intake is a complex behavior that includes different levels of control and regulation. Weight gain or obesity, which is itself the introduction of many human diseases and deaths. Today, in the field of health, health and epidemiology, and recently in the field of exercise physiology, with regard to the impact of physical activity and sports in various forms on weight management and regulation and energy balance, attention has been drawn towards the main mechanisms involved. Although the equation of energy, cost and energy received is still considered as a basic part of health research. But changes in the type of source used to provide cellular energy in the body, a significant part of which is controlled by the hypothalamus and another part which is also important, is controlled by environmental factors. In the past decades, before the discovery and introduction of a number of proteins and peptides effective in regulating energy, it was believed that the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus, is the only organ involved in regulating energy balance and metabolism. Now the absolute sovereignty of the hypothalamus in controlling the balance and regulation of energy has given way to the convergence of the center and the environment, that is why the researchers of peptides related to the control and regulation of energy and appetite have opened a new window to this huge world affecting the process of healthy living.

However, the hypothalamus still seems to have the necessary centrality in controlling energy balance, sugar metabolism and appetite. It may be because a large number of secreted neuropeptides (AGRP[1],NPY[2],CART[3],POMC[4], Orexin[5], MCH name="_ftnref6">[6], galanin[7], glucagon-like peptide[8], corticotropin-releasing factor[9]) of this organ are more involved in this matter compared to other peripheral organs ]8[. Neuropeptide w is one of these neuropeptides that plays an important role in nutrition and energy metabolism ]9[.

1-2: Statement of the problem:

Exercise and physical activity are one of the effective factors in the analysis of cellular energy sources, including glucose and glycogen. which can cause changes in peptides and hormones affecting energy regulation and balance. It has also been stated that the immediate regeneration and recovery of energy reserves, including glucose and glycogen, can also affect the concentration of these peptides. If there is no proper and timely regeneration, we will face problems such as changes in the concentration of peptides that affect energy regulation. Imbalance between inhibitory and stimulating peptides of food intake such as leptin[10], AGRP,NPY,CART,POMC, and ghrelin[11] as the factors involved in the process of mechanism can increase the percentage of body fat, obesity and the predominance of appetitive process over anti-appetite.                            Adopting the right and immediate way to deal with this imbalance can prevent disorders of metabolism, balance and energy regulation (unreasonable weight gain or loss, energy loss). Although neuropeptidew was recently discovered in humans]10[, since the discovery of neuropeptides, our knowledge of the regulation of weight, appetite, and energy balance has increased dramatically. Many experts in the field of health, hygiene and especially weight regulation, hope that by identifying the important and unknown aspects of these neuropeptides and the factors affecting them, they will achieve effective treatment methods and discover new drugs for diseases such as obesity. Today, the effect of neuropeptides on hormones is almost proven. On the other hand, changes in hormones also cause changes in body weight. Recent reports also show that NPW not only plays a role in energy regulation but also in hormonal homeostasis, ]11[

Hormones play an important role in regulating appetite, body metabolism and energy level regulation]12[. Activity and sports exercises affect the blood levels of hormones and lead to a decrease or increase in the level of some hormones compared to rest. In fact, these hormonal fluctuations can be considered as the body's response to training pressures, to establish the body's homeostasis ]13,14[. An imbalance in the level of hormones involved in appetite (insulin, glucagon, cortisol and thyroid hormones) can lead to weight gain. Cortisol hormone is a glucocorticoid from the cortical part of the adrenal glands. is secreted, it plays a significant role in establishing this homeostasis ]15[ . Cortisol directly affects fat storage and weight gain in people. One of the important effects of cortisol is its role on the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.