The effect of climate on the architectural typology of Gonbad city

Dissertation for the degree of Master (M.Sc)

Field: Natural Geography - Applied Climatology

Abstract

Due to its location in a special geographical location, topographical conditions and climatic systems affecting the region, the city of Kavus has a relatively cold climate. So that the temperature in the coldest month of the year reaches 9.2 degrees Celsius and has the highest coefficient of variation of 9.59. And the hottest month of the year does not exceed 36 degrees Celsius and has the lowest variation coefficient (2.5). For this reason, it has special bioclimatic conditions. Based on the results of bioclimatic methods such as Algi, Mahani and Giuni methods, during 6 months of the year, the main problem in organizing urban settlements in Kavos dome is to deal with the climate potential. The environment should be used for heating the houses. For this purpose, a sample of traditional and new dome buildings were examined in relation to the degree of compliance of each with the climatic conditions. By comparing them, it was found that the traditional houses are fully compatible with the climatic conditions of the region in relation to the use of sunlight, the plan and the direction of the openings, while the new houses do not comply with the climatic conditions of the region due to the increase in glass levels, irregular plan and the materials used in them. Based on building bioclimatic methods, it was determined that the building in Gonbad city should be located along the east-west axis so that the facade faces south. And based on the results obtained from climate design methods, it was determined that the optimal location of the building is in the south direction, and in the next stages, it is in the southwest and southeast directions.

Key words: climate and architecture, Kavos dome, bioclimate, building direction. 

Chapter 1

Generalities

- Introduction

Climate as one of the effective factors in architectural design has always been the attention of designers and in the distant past it played an important role in the architecture of buildings. In the modern age of technology and industry, the process of using climate in architecture has slowed down. Today, with the pollution and the economic conditions and problems that have arisen regarding the use of energy, one should think about reducing the consumption of fossil fuels in the building. Therefore, it is obvious to pay attention to the climate in all dimensions, especially in the architecture of buildings. Therefore, the first step towards correct architecture is knowing the climatic factors and elements. Weather is one of the elements that affect human life and it is necessary to study the characteristics of weather as one of the effective components of nature in human life. In architectural planning, one of the essential studies is climate studies. To improve the comfort and convenience of the citizens, the architecture should be designed with the knowledge of the climatic conditions of the region. The architecture and design of the building compatible with the climate means: maintaining the condition of the housing microclimates within the comfort range. But since the time when it became possible to use mechanical equipment for cooling and heating buildings due to industrial progress, Iran's architecture also underwent a transformation, and since about 50 years ago, less attention was paid to climate issues in the design and implementation of buildings. With the beginning of the energy crisis in the world, the need to pay attention to climate issues in the construction of buildings was raised again in Iran about 20 years ago.

The methods that are used today to analyze the climate situation and determine the architectural criteria compatible with the climate are used by people such as Penn Warden, Gioni, Mahani, etc. presented, which often relies on meteorological statistics, but meteorological stations are not available in all parts of the country. In any case, a building that is in harmony with its natural environment or has a so-called climate harmony in many regions of the country can provide suitable thermal conditions to its residents throughout the year without the need for fossil fuel consumption and the use of mechanical control devices. The changes in temperature, humidity, air flow and the constant change of lighting in the spaces of such buildings provide a comfortable and pleasant environment for the residents of these buildings throughout the seasons. In general, the residential environment is governed by the climatic conditions (Kasmai, 1368). This coordination is in the scope of work of geographers for the following reasons:

1- The required climate information is information that climatologists are familiar with and deal with.

2- Most of the required calculations such as radiation angle, position of the sun and so on. . . It is in the field of mathematical geography. 3- Building design processes are in the scope of climatologists, at least in terms of location. The effect of climatic elements (temperature, precipitation, wind, radiation and humidity) on the building is one of the applied categories of climate that has been considered by building designers in the last few decades. Today, the importance and necessity of paying attention to climatic conditions in the design and construction of all buildings has been proven. Paying attention to climatic characteristics and the impact they have on building formation is important in two ways: on the one hand, buildings in harmony with climate, or buildings with climate design, have better quality in terms of human thermal comfort. On the other hand, the coordination of the building with the climatic conditions saves the fuel consumption needed to control the environmental conditions of such buildings. Today, this part of meteorology has become very important due to the declining life of fossil energy sources and the high cost of energy in the world, and building designers, with the help of climatologists, take advantage of the maximum potential climatic features of each region for the optimal use of energy resources. One of the very important climatic elements that should be given enough attention in building design is sunlight and its effect on the building. Sunlight is always necessary to create natural lighting in the building, but since this light eventually turns into heat, the amount of radiation required for each building must be adjusted according to its type and the climatic conditions of its location with the correct architecture. The direction of the building in relation to the effect of the wind is also important, here more attention is paid to the prevailing winds, how the building should be designed according to the direction of the wind, climate architecture is trying to introduce the type of architecture in each region with regard to the reduction of non-renewable resources (oil, gas, etc.) To use energy resources optimally. In this research, we will investigate the pattern of the old and new texture of Gonbad in order to check the degree of adaptation of different architectural patterns (old and new) to the climatic conditions, the old houses have mostly used traditional and native materials, while the new houses use iron, cement, bricks and new construction methods.

In this research, we will try to introduce the most suitable architectural pattern for the city of Gonbad based on the climatic indicators used in the research, and finally, the degree of conformity of the past and new architecture with the desired patterns be analyzed and also provide solutions for urban comfort in the future, it has taken a step towards advancing urban architectural standards and its results are used by city residents and can be used in the regional economy, planning of municipal managers, housing and urban planning department and so on. . . 

1-3 - Research questions

1- What architectural model is suitable for the climate in Gonbad city?

2- Which season is the priority of designing climatic architecture in Gonbad city?

1-4- Hypotheses

This research is based on the following assumptions.

1- The architectural typology of the old city texture is more adapted to the climatic conditions than the new city texture.

2- In the design of climatic architecture, priority is given to summer conditions.

1-5- Objectives

The general purpose of the present studies is to present a detailed and comprehensive picture of the characteristics of the studied area in relation to human thermal comfort, in order to determine the importance of climatic studies in the design of residential environments and finally to provide comprehensive guidelines for the design of residential spaces. Of course, the objectives of this research can be stated in more detail as follows: 1- Presenting a suitable model of climate compatible architecture to achieve natural comfort. 2- Presenting and introducing the advantages and disadvantages of old architecture. 3- Presenting and introducing the possible advantages and disadvantages of new buildings.