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  3. Effective factors in the occurrence of landslides in Hashtjin Khalkhal region with an approach in environmental planning

Effective factors in the occurrence of landslides in Hashtjin Khalkhal region with an approach in environmental planning

Number of pages: 163 File Format: word File Code: 30406
Year: 2008 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Geography - Urban Planning
Tags/Keywords: climate - climatology - Development planning - Earth layers - Earthquake - Environmental planning - GIS - ground shaking - landslide - Natural events - Natural geography - Natural resources - Regression - The sliding of the earth's layers - Transitional slip
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  • Summary of Effective factors in the occurrence of landslides in Hashtjin Khalkhal region with an approach in environmental planning

    Dissertation to receive Master's Degree (M.A) in Natural Geography

    Direction: Climatology in Environmental Planning

    Abstract:

    Natural disasters have been the most important cause of human concern at all times. Landslides are one of the most important natural disasters, which cause financial and human losses every year, which creates problems in the implementation of construction projects. This research is to investigate the effective factors in creating landslides and the prevention strategies of this natural disaster in the northern region of Hashtjin, which is important in environmental, rural and urban planning. He conducted field studies by preparing the landslide registration certificate for 24 landslides and by preparing a geological map at a scale of 1:50000 and a manual landslide distribution map and preparing topographic maps, direction of slope, vegetation, satellite image, he continued the research and obtained statistical data from the Agricultural Research Center and the website of the Provincial Meteorological Department, then with statistical studies and data analysis using gridding and Spss16 software, he achieved results and analyzed the effective factors. and analyzed that it is debatable. Also, Excel software has been used to prepare charts and some maps from geographic information system with ArcGIS and ArcMap software, Ocr Tools software has been used to scan landslide birth certificates. At the end, the zoning map was prepared with a statistical method and the solutions to prevent possible risks from landslides were examined and suggestions were presented at the end of the research.

    Key words: landslide, range movement, GIS, zoning, regression, Hashtjin. Diverse geological and climatic conditions mainly have special natural conditions for creating a wide range of landslides (Map 1-1).

    Landslides in Iran, as one of the natural disasters, cause a lot of human and financial losses to the country every year. If we consider the possibility of other natural disasters occurring from time to time, the potential of landslides in the country should be considered at any moment. According to an initial estimate, 500 billion rials of financial damages are imposed on the country through landslides every year, and this is if the loss of natural resources is not taken into account (Kamak Panah 2013). This phenomenon every year in most regions of the country causes economic damage to communication routes, railway lines, power transmission lines, irrigation and water supply channels, mining facilities, extraction facilities, oil and gas refining, the network of vital arteries inside cities, factories and industrial centers, artificial and natural dams and lakes, forests and pastures and natural resources, farms and residential areas and villages, or threatens them. (Abkhizdari Iran 1386)

    Chapter 1

    Overview:

    - Theoretical foundations of the research

    - Geographical location of the research area

    - Analysis of topographical data

    A- Theoretical foundations of the research (research process):

    - Introduction:

    Man in many fields of his activity, especially civil, economic and social issues And natural resources are facing the problem of domain instability. When the stability of a slope is lost, different types of mass movements may occur. Landslides and other movements have attracted human attention as much as other uncontrollable natural phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanoes, or floods, because they threaten life and property and cause irreparable damage to structures, facilities, and natural resources. The occurrence of landslides may be influenced by human activities such as deforestation and the implementation of illegal constructions.

    From what was said above, it can be concluded that the study of the phenomenon of landslides is both theoretically and practically important. As a general assessment of damages and landslides in the world shows that the loss of life and money caused by them is more than other natural disasters.

    Problem statement:

    As it was said, landslides in Iran, as one of the natural disasters, cause a lot of life and financial losses to the country every year (Map 1-1).

    This research was conducted in order to investigate the effective factors in landslides in the region and to use its results in various planning such as development of constructions, agriculture, economic activities, preservation of soil and environmental resources, etc. There are a lot of landslides in the north of Hashtajin, and their number increases every year, but in this research, only a limited number of landslides were identified and analyzed with desert and statistical studies using computer software by regression method. By preparing a landslide risk map, the extent of their impact on buildings has been evaluated, and according to the type of factors affecting the occurrence of landslides in the region and the damage caused to natural and artificial resources, practical and suitable solutions will be proposed to reduce their direct and indirect damages. In the investigation of the landslide phenomenon, the hypothesis is raised that what are the effective factors, especially climatic factors, in this matter in the past and present, and can they be effective in causing landslides in the future, and the basic causes of the instability of slopes and landslides What is it? The second question is, what effect did the occurrence of these movements have on the buildings in the area and how does it affect environmental planning? Therefore, the study of slope movements and landslides helps us in evaluating how to optimally use land and susceptible areas that have potential facilities and conditions for development planning and determines the appropriate location in environmental planning. Earthquake and the earth's tensile force are called landslides (Jaafari 1379), which are divided into two types: single and wide: Single landslide: - Single landslide is a mass of soil and rock, usually all its parts move downwards in a certain time or time range, and its range is known.       

    - Widespread landslide:

    Areas with small but scattered landslides that affect a large area of ??the domain. The difference between these sliding movements and individual landslides is the problem of distinguishing a precise and specific range for them.

    - Rock: hard and rigid stone materials that were naturally in place before the movement, it is said that it forms part of the rock. weak, are solid particles consisting of grains (rocks or minerals) that are loose and loose, along with air bubbles or interparticle fluids. (Jaafari 1379)

    - Rotational slip:

    The relatively slow movement of a block or cohesive blocks of earth, stone or their mixture along a characteristically arc-shaped fault surface is called rotational slip. The obvious characteristic of rotational landslides is their relatively rotational and rotational rupture surface. Transfer landslides: Generally, rotational landslides have occurred on slopes that have clay deposits, extreme formations of altera, and rock or soil along the characteristic plate-shaped rupture surface, called transitional landslides. Transfer slips occur along layering surfaces, faults, cracks, or fissures that are roughly parallel to the Earth's surface.

    - Movement:

    Movement includes shear deformation and displacement along one or more surfaces. The slips themselves can be in the form of rotational, translational or combined slips, and the distinction between them is very important in stability analysis and control method design. (Jaafari 1379)

    3- Objectives and necessity of the research:

    The main objectives of this research were to investigate and identify the causes of landslides and determine the vulnerable areas for development planning, in line with these objectives, the following objectives can also be achieved. Geomorphology, technology, distribution of landslides, vegetation, slope direction, slope angle, etc.

    2) Identifying the necessity and importance of developing geological and geomorphological studies and investigations in prone areas for environmental development planning.

  • Contents & References of Effective factors in the occurrence of landslides in Hashtjin Khalkhal region with an approach in environmental planning

    List:

    Introduction..                              Chapter One: Generalities

    A- Theoretical foundations of the research (research process)

    Introduction ..    

    1- Design and statement of the problem

    2- Definitions, concepts

    -  Landslide:

    _ Single landslide

    _ Area sliding

    _ flow: rotary sliding-transitional sliding

    - movement

    3- research goals and necessity

    4- research questions

    5- research hypotheses

    6- research background and literature

    7- research methods and tools

    a) field studies

    b) office studies

    c) statistical analysis

    simple and bivariate regression

    1_ a set of predictions

    2_ irregular sets of predictions

    3_ regular sets of predictions

    _ assessment of the relative risk of landslides

    _ determination of regional units in risk assessment

    _ investigation of landslides and preparation of information maps

    _ Determining the relative importance of factors affecting instability

    8- Research basic information

    B- Geographical location of the research area

    C- Topographic data analysis

    Introduction

    1-1- Eastern mountainous unit.

    1-2- Western mountainous unit.

    1-3- Unit Plateau or foothills. A- Eastern side.. B- Western side. Chapter Two: Geological data analysis. Introduction. A. Structural evolution of the region. Quaternary deposits

    A- Old alluvial sediments

    B- New alluvial sediments

    C- Tectonic structure of the area

    C-1- Important tectonic events

    C-2- Important faults in the area

    - Main and minor faults

    1- Trazog - Sushab fault (T.S.F)

    2- Planar-Bilde fault (Ch.B.F

    3- Sub-faults

    D- Earthquake of the region

    - Conclusion from the discussion of faults

    Chapter three: A- Climate data analysis

    - Introduction

    - Air mass affecting the region

    1- Masses affecting the region

    1- Effective arctic air mass

    2- Arctic polar air mass

    3- Maritime polar air mass

    4- Tropical maritime air mass

    5- Maritime tropical air mass

    A- Climate

    B- Atmospheric precipitation

    C) Air temperature

    D) Humidity

    e) Wind

    1- Local wind (mountain and valley)

    2- Transregional wind

    A) Eastern winds

    B) Western winds

    B- Analysis of hydrological data

    - Introduction

    - Water resources

    1- Surface waters

    2- Waters Underground

    Chapter Four: Vegetation

    - Introduction

    - Vegetation status

    A) Natural resources

    1- Summer pastures

    2- Khushlagi pastures of Khoresh Rostam

    3- Village border pastures

    - Forest lands of Khoresh Rostam area

    - Semi-dense forest lands

    b) Unnatural sources

    Chapter five: discussion and conclusion

    _Introduction

    5-1- General features of landslides and their distribution

    A) Measurement on the map of grid units

    B) Age of landslide

    1- Fossil landslides

    2- Old landslides

    3- New landslides

    C) Damages

    5-2- Stages of sedimentation and slope movements

    A) The effect of erosion on the occurrence of slope movements

    B) Simultaneous stage or the occurrence of landslides

    C) The stage after the occurrence of landslides

    5-3- Causes of slope movements in the region

    _ Change in stress conditions

    _ Changes in material resistance

    5-4- Changing factors in causing landslides

    1- Natural factors

    A) Lithology factor

    B) Distribution of landslides in relation to regional faults

    C) Topological and morphological factors:

    C-1) Slope direction of slopes

    C-2) Slope percentage

    C-3) Comparing the type of geological structures with the slope classes of the region:

    D) Vegetation factor

    D-1) Comparing the type of vegetation with different slope directions

    E) Climatic factors and water resources

    1- Climatic factors

    2- Resource factorsF

    3- Sub-faults

    D- Earthquake of the region

    - Conclusion from the discussion of faults

    Chapter three: A- Climate data analysis

    - Introduction

    - Air mass affecting the region

    1- Masses affecting the region

    1- Effective arctic air mass

    2- Polar air mass

    3- Polar maritime air mass

    4- Tropical air mass

    5- Tropical maritime air mass

    A- Weather

    B- Atmospheric precipitation

    C) Air temperature

    D) Humidity

    E) Wind

    1- Local wind (mountain and valley) )

    2- Transregional wind

    A) Eastern winds

    B) Western winds

    B- Analysis of hydrological data

    - Introduction

    - Water resources

    1- Surface water

    2- Underground water

    Chapter four: Vegetation

    - Introduction

    - Vegetation condition

    A) Natural resources

    1- Summer pastures

    2- Kashlagi pastures of Khoresh Rostam

    3- Grasslands of the village border

    - Forest lands of Khoresh Rostam area

    - Semi-dense forest lands

    B) Unnatural resources

    Chapter five: discussion and conclusion

    _Introduction

    5-1- General characteristics of landslides and their distribution

    a) Measurement on the map of grid units

    b) Landslide age

    1- Fossil landslides

    2- Old landslides

    3- New landslides

    c) Damages

    5-2- Stages of sedimentation and slope movements

    A) The effect of erosion on the occurrence of slope movements

    B) The simultaneous stage or the occurrence of landslides

    C) The stage after the occurrence of landslides

    5-3- The causes of slope movements in the region

    _ Changes in stress conditions

    _ Changes in the resistance of materials

    5-4- Changing factors in creating Landslide

    1- Natural factors

    A) Lithology factor

    B) Landslide distribution relative to regional faults

    C) Topography and morphology factor:

    C-1) Slope direction of slopes

    C-2) Slope percentage

    C-3) Comparison of geological structures with slope classes in the area:

    D) Covering factor Vegetation

    D-1) Comparison of vegetation types with different slopes of slopes

    e) Climatic factors and water resources

    1- Climatic factors

    2- Water resources factors

     

    2- Unnatural factors

    5-5- Statistical analysis

    5-5-1- Statistical analysis based on regression methods

    a) Regression Multivariate with a predictor set

    _ Lithology factor

    _ Vegetation factor

    _ Distance from faults factor

    _ Different slope categories factor

    _ Slope directions factor

    _ Rainfall factor

    _ Waterway length factor

    _ Building factor

    b) Multivariate regression with irregular sets Visionary

    Resources of the eighth chapter

    Sixth chapter:

    Proposals and solutions

    9-2- Prevention and control of slope movements (safety plans to prevent the instability of slopes)

    9-3- Suggested solutions to reduce slope movements (reducing the sliding of earth layers) in the region

    Source:

    - Ansari, F. and Balorchi, M. (1374) Landslide in Ardabil Province, Geological and Geotechnical Earthquake Management, Iran Geological Organization.

    2- Nikandish, N., Mirsanei, R. (1374) A perspective on landslides in Ardabil province. Vice President of Watershed Management, Jihad Fasonggi

    3- Hashemi Tabatabai, S. (1377) Landslide risk zoning in a part of Ardabil province. Building and Housing Research Center, Ministry of Housing and Urban Development

    4- Mehdwaifar, M., Urmia, A., Fatemi Aghda, M. (1376) Landslide risk zoning in Khorash Rostam area of ??Khalkhal city. Proceedings of the second seminar on landslides and damage reduction. International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering. From page 147 to 158.

    5- Mehdvifar, M. (1376) Landslide risk zoning in Khoresh Rostam area (southwest of Khalkhal city). Master thesis, Tarbiat Modares University.

    6- www. Zamin. i r

    7- Rezaei, A. (2016) Concepts of statistics and probabilities. Mashhad Publishing House, 444 pages. 8- Fatouhi, A. and Asghari, F. (1378) Educational book of statistical data analysis with Spss. Tehran Science Center - 512 pages, translation. 9- Zargar, M. (1379) Spss comprehensive guide 10. Optimum Publications, 584 pages.

    10- Watershed of Iran 1386 WWW.NGDIR.IR

    11- Management and Planning Organization of Ardabil Province (1379) Statistics of Ardabil Province, Deputy of Statistics and Informatics.

    12- Talai Doleq, R. (1378) Geological and petrochemical investigation of volcanic-plutonic masses southwest of Meshginshahr in relation to generemes and molybdenum. Master's thesis. Tabriz University.

    13- Darvishzadeh, A. (1370) Geology of Iran. The publication of knowledge today. 901 pages.

    14- Engineer Jafari, Abbas. Big Dictionary of Gitaology (geographical terms), compilation and translation, 4th edition 1379. Publications of Institute of Geography and Cartography of Gitaology

    15- Max Dario. Translated by Dr. Khayyam, Maqsood. (1374) Basics of Geomorphology. Nia Tabriz Publications.

    16- Rozgar, F., Maliki, A., Qureshi, M., Berberian, M., Moinfar, A. and Naderzadeh, A. (1376) Earthquake relative risk zoning in Iran. Center for Studies and Research of Urban Planning and Architecture of Iran, 100 pages

    17- Haqshenas, A. (1374) Landslide risk zoning and its relationship with sediment production in Taleghan watershed. Master's thesis, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University. 18- Fatouhi, A. and Asghari, F. (1378) Educational book of statistical data analysis with Spss. Tehran Science Publishing Center - 512 pages, translation.

    19- Jame Iran (Consulting Engineers), (2006) Provincial Synthesis Studies, Comprehensive Agricultural Development Plan of Ardabil Province. Report number one - Weather and Climate, Ministry of Agriculture, Deputy Planning and Budget.

    20- Rasouli Jamadi, sh. (1374) Investigating the hydroclimatic factors of Ardabil plain and their role in agriculture. Master thesis, natural geography, Tabriz University, 201 pages.

    21- Meteorological Organization (1366-1385) meteorological yearbooks. www.weather.ir- www.IRImet.net.net _ www.ARDmet

    22- Deputy of water resources exploitation and management. (1379) Iran water resources atlas, hydrology report. The first volume, Ministry of Energy. Azimi, F. (1379) Collecting and identifying plants of Ardabil province and forming a herbarium. Deputy of education and research, research center of natural resources and livestock affairs of Ardabil province. 24- www.rozname hamshahri.

Effective factors in the occurrence of landslides in Hashtjin Khalkhal region with an approach in environmental planning
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