Feasibility of cloud fertilization in Ardabil province with emphasis on atmospheric profile analysis

Natural geography field

Climatology trend in environmental planning

Abstract:

Ardebil province in the northwest of the country with its long and elongated shape in recent years with climatic anomalies such as: increase in temperature especially in winter season, increase in the occurrence of hot winds, increase in evaporation and transpiration potential, decrease in precipitation especially snowfall, droughts that have occurred in recent years, lowering of the underground water level due to unprincipled withdrawals from water resources and It has been faced in such a way that these events will push the region towards the crisis of lack of water resources in the future, therefore, in order to increase the water resources of the province, one of the new methods is to use the cloud fertilization technique.

The materials used in the research, in addition to the data of synoptic weather stations on the surface of the earth, atmospheric profile information (at the levels of 1000, 850, 700 and 500 hectopascals) including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, The height of geopotential, the thickness of altitude levels, precipitable water and zero temperature layer, these materials are extracted from 3420 synoptic maps in the time frame of the decades of each month during the last five years (2005-2009 equal to 1384-1388 AD). In this research, for the feasibility of cloud fertilization in the province, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are presented in the form of SWOT model and to extract the best The time of cloud fertilization is based on the analysis of the atmospheric profile and the data of ground surface meteorological stations using the factor analysis method.

The results of the research show that Ardabil province, due to being in the path of different atmospheric systems, the presence of suitable cloud cover, the appropriate temperature and humidity at different levels of the atmosphere, has the climatic background for cloud fertilization, also the most suitable layer for cloud fertilization is the layers of 850 to 700 hectopascal and the best fertilization time. The clouds are from the beginning of November to the end of April and according to the time distribution of cloudy hours and the percentage of relative humidity during the local morning and evening hours. Keywords: Ardabil province, cloud fertilization technique, atmospheric systems, atmospheric profile, SWOT. There is a need to recognize climatic anomalies for correct and acceptable planning, and therefore the necessity and importance of climatic studies can be felt in the body of planning at different levels of society.

Ardebil province in the northwest of the country has a special position with its elongated shape in the north-south direction along with the height of the mountains and fertile plains with agricultural value and the supply of major agricultural and livestock products in combination with the Caspian Sea. The occurrence of the absolute maximum temperature of 44 degrees Celsius in the Moshiran area of ??Meshgin Shahr and the occurrence of the absolute minimum temperature of -33.8 degrees Celsius in the city of Ardabil, the difference between the maximum and the absolute minimum temperature in this province exceeds 77 degrees Celsius, which is rarely found in other provinces.

In this province in recent years, due to climatic anomalies such as the trend of temperature increase, especially in the winter season, there have been many occurrences of Hot winds and increase in potential evaporation and transpiration, decrease in rainfall, especially snowfall, droughts that have occurred in recent years and unprincipled withdrawals of water resources that have ultimately caused the level of underground water to go down, will push the area towards the crisis of water resources shortage in the future, and one of the new ways to increase water resources is the use of cloud fertilization technique. The discussion of cloud fertilization, which is known as a branch of the science of weather modification, is a kind of intelligent behavior with clouds and cloud systems in order to increase the precipitation in the clouds in which precipitation processes are being formed and implemented.

For correct planning and based on reasoning and logic, the use of cloud fertilization technique at the province level necessarily requires a proper preliminary knowledge of determining the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of cloud fertilization implementation. In the model presented for this purpose in this project, opportunities are those factors that have a positive effect on the fertility of clouds in Ardabil province, and by creating a favorable environment, it helps to achieve cloud fertility and carry it out. One of the most important opportunities can be said to be the possibility of cloud fertility in the province as a solution to overcome recent droughts.

Threats are factors that have a negative impact on the fertility of clouds in Ardabil province and by creating an inhibiting space, they cause the achievement of water supply prospects to be delayed or basically not carried out, such as the limitation of flight height in the mountainous areas of the province. Such as the number of cloudy days and the presence of boiling clouds in the mountainous areas of the province.

Weaknesses are the restraining factors that cause the achievement of the vision of supplying water resources in Ardabil province with the use of cloud fertilization technology to be delayed or basically not done. Such as the absence of a high atmospheric station and the area not being covered by the radar of the neighboring provinces.

By examining all the factors mentioned in this project, we come to the conclusion that Ardabil province is located in the path of different atmospheric systems, the presence of suitable cloud cover, suitable floor height for sowing seeds, suitable temperature and necessary humidity at different levels of the atmosphere, the appropriate amount of precipitation, especially the number of snowy days in most areas of the province and so on. It has a climatic background for the fertilization of clouds. 1-1) Statement of the problem: Ardabil province in the northwest of the country, with its long and elongated shape in the north-south direction, along with the height of the mountains and fertile plains with agricultural value and the supply of major agricultural and livestock products, has a special position in the combination of being adjacent to the Caspian Sea.

Today, the majority of environmental projects They try to understand the climate of the region and implement construction, economic, agricultural projects. There is a need to know the climatic anomalies for correct and acceptable planning, and therefore the necessity and importance of climatic studies in the body of planning at different levels of society can be felt (Khzanehdari et al., 1387: 217).

In Ardabil province in recent years due to climatic anomalies such as the trend of increasing temperature especially in the winter season, the frequency of occurrence of hot winds and the increase of evaporation and transpiration potential, the decrease of precipitation especially snowfall , the droughts that have occurred in recent years and the unprincipled withdrawals of water resources that have ultimately caused the level of underground water to drop, pushed the area in question towards a climate crisis and lack of water resources in the future (Hemti et al., 2014: 5).

One of the new ways to increase water resources is the use of cloud fertilization technique in the upper reaches of the catchment basins, which precipitation, especially in the cold seasons of the year, can provide part of the water resources. The province should be in the second half of the agricultural year.

1-2) The theoretical literature of the research:

The discussion of cloud fertility [1], which is known as a branch of the science of climate adjustment [2], is a kind of intelligent behavior with clouds and cloud systems in order to increase the precipitation in the clouds where the precipitation processes are being formed and implemented inside them. In other words, any act that stimulates the cloud and changes the internal processes of the cloud by spraying or inoculating cold pollen, such as dry ice (carbon dioxide) or other chemical substances such as silver iodide[3] into the clouds or at their base, which stimulates the cloud and accelerates the occurrence of precipitation, is called cloud fertilization (California Climate Modulation Association, 1977). has In cold clouds (cloud temperature below zero degrees), dry ice and silver iodide are used, and in warm clouds (cloud temperature above zero degrees), water droplets and table salt are used (Alizadeh, 1379: 104).

Currently, most cloud fertilization methods are carried out in the following three ways:

A) rocket launching techniques: in which rockets containing fertile seeds are used. The launcher is used to launch from the ground up to a height of 7,000 to 8,000 meters.

B) Aerial techniques: using various types of airplanes and injecting chemical substances such as silver iodide, liquid nitrogen, etc. In clouds whose temperature is between -5 and -25 degrees Celsius.

The aerial method of fertilization takes place in three ways at the base of the cloud, inside the cloud and at the top of the cloud. In this method, the necessary materials for the production of condensate nuclei are injected into the cloud using airplanes. After the plane shoots the material carrier into the cloud, about 20 to 40 minutes after the injection, the cloud starts to rain. This period is the time when the cloud moves away from the place intended for rain. The time of the effect of fertilization materials, according to the speed and movement of the cloud, at a distance of 40-50 km from the injection site, the effects of fertilization are visible.