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  3. Investigating the behavior of rural and urban households in Behbahan city in facing dust

Investigating the behavior of rural and urban households in Behbahan city in facing dust

Number of pages: 200 File Format: word File Code: 30389
Year: Not Specified University Degree: Not Specified Category: Geography - Urban Planning
Tags/Keywords: climate - Climatic disorder - Climatic hazards - dust - Environmental crises - Environmental disorder - Environmental hazards - natural disasters - Natural hazards - rain
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  • Summary of Investigating the behavior of rural and urban households in Behbahan city in facing dust

    Chapter One

    1-1-Introduction

    Climate[1] is a complex system[2] that is changing mainly due to the increase of greenhouse gases. During the 20th century, especially in the last two decades, the climate of the earth lost its balance and showed a tendency to increase the temperature (Rahimiu et al., 2012). From the point of view of many experts, climate change is a natural phenomenon[3] that has happened in long-term sequences and will happen again. The impact of human activities causes the effects of climate change phenomena to intensify, the intensity of the change process and the change of the time interval of the sequence of climate changes [4] (Jahanbakhsh et al., 2018; Rezaei et al., 2012). The world's climate change is changing at an unprecedented speed, and this also has many consequences, such as reducing the security of food production, drought, poverty, increasing natural hazards and increasing economic-social tensions. In fact, climate change is at the top of nine important risks. About 90% of the natural disasters that occur in the world are related to climatic factors, and among them, climatic changes and fluctuations, such as the decrease in rainfall and the increase in global temperature, have had many adverse effects on the agriculture of the arid regions of the world, especially in Iran (Karami et al., 2012). One of the study angles of dust is the investigation of climate changes and the role of global warming in the occurrence or exacerbation of this phenomenon as an environmental challenge. Arid and semi-arid areas of the world, including deserts and their vast semi-arid margins, have fragile environmental conditions, in fact, a small change in one or more components of this environment can quickly lead to an environmental disorder or disorder, this problem itself can cause the loss of vegetation and the emergence of desert conditions in their marginal areas, drought [5] as an obvious change causes the loss of soil and vegetation and as a result, creates conditions for blowing wind and finally collecting dust particles. be (Farasat, 2018). Studies show that, unfortunately, unstable and unassessed management in the Middle East countries has led to a double growth in the speed of climate change and the spread of environmental crises[6] in the region. Therefore, the countries of the region need a redefinition of management based on sustainable development [7] and evaluated planning (Musbahzadeh et al., 2012). Due to its dry climate, the country of Iran has severe climatic irregularity, so the climatic risks[8] are more frequent and severe in Iran. Climatic hazards occur every year in every part of the country and they are an important factor in the development and planning of the country, and knowing these hazards is of great importance (Alijani, 2019). Visible changes that gradually occurred in the climate of the planet after the industrial revolution, became the basis for the occurrence of serious climatic phenomena, including dust events[9]. These events have become the biggest environmental challenge in the southwest of Iran in the last decade. Dust is one of the climatic hazards in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world, and as one of the important forms of air pollution, it has always attracted the attention of researchers all over the world and has been investigated from different angles (Nasserpour et al., 2013). Sometimes, social systems [10] (society, groups and individuals) are affected by various destructive forces during the process of their development and evolution, the origin of some of these destructive forces is found in nature, but some of them are also the result of individual and group inconsistency [11] in human groups, such as lack of personal success or irresponsible action towards technical systems [12] and environment. The new conditions of human life are affected by globalization and unpredictable trends (relative to the main factors of internal and external environments) that increase new risks. At present, the issue that "the future of mankind depends to a great extent on his readiness to face various dangers and crises" is tangible and visible more than ever before. This issue will also depend a lot on the capabilities of the world community to achieve systematic development[14] in line with a sustainable social[15], political[16], economic[17] and ecological[18] future (Behzadian Mehr, 2013). Parsons[19] believes that every system can survive by providing a series of conditions and functional requirements, which include; Adaptation[20], success[21], unity[22] and stability[23]. If one of these requirements has a problem, it is considered as a crisis. Therefore, crisis management [24] is objectified with mental [25] and conceptual [26] manifestations.Considering that "sustainability is the main and vital part of the human preparation process in front of new crises and challenges" we should be looking for ways to achieve this stability and what is certain is that; The path to achieve such an ideal goes through the community (Fazli et al., 2012). In recent years, this phenomenon has taken on new dimensions in Iran and has turned from a local problem into a national problem. Iran is under the adverse effects of this phenomenon due to being adjacent to a large part of desert areas. Due to the important effects that dust storms[27] have on changing climatic conditions, it is necessary to investigate these phenomena (Akhundzadeh et al., 2012).

    2-1- Statement of the problem

    Problems related to environmental issues are very wide, but most of them lead to the reduction of resources, air pollution[28] or the destruction of the main quality of nature and as a result threaten nature. Environmental issues occur locally, but their effects may be global. For this reason, some environmental issues such as weather and climate changes [29] and climate, acid rain and destruction of the ozone layer, etc., are called as transboundary environmental issues. One of these problems is the phenomenon of dust (Marfa et al., 2018). Dust may remain suspended in the atmosphere of the region for consecutive days and cause harmful effects. In this case, in addition to environmental and health pollution, daily human activity, transportation and the activity of many industries face problems. The creation and development of dust storms depends on three factors: soil availability, wind speed and air instability. The natural causes of dust mainly originate from nine desert regions in the world, which are: North Africa (Sahara), South Africa, East China, North America, South America and Australia, Arabian Peninsula and Central Asia. (Abduis et al., 2019). The origin of the dust entering Khuzestan province is mostly extra-local and it is formed from the deserts of the neighboring countries (Taovsi et al., 2017). Of course, in recent years, due to climatic and human reasons, numerous dust centers have formed in the province and have become the source of dust storms in the province. Also, scientists' research on ocean floor sediments shows that dust storms have occurred since 70 million years (before the Cretaceous [30] geological period) (Rawahinejad and Khosravipour, 2011; Nadafi, 2010), due to the lack of vegetation in areas prone to dust, air Above these areas, it starts to heat up and moves upwards, and when it hits the winds with high tropospheric speed, as a result, a downward-sloping gyre is created, which causes dust storms when these high-intensity winds collide with the earth's surface. The annual rainfall in these areas is less than 50 mm per year (Jamali and Bayat, 2019). The current industrialization process, the increase in air pollution leads to a four-fold increase in the mortality of minors due to bronchitis [31] and complications related to the symptoms of respiratory diseases. In general, one tenth of all global deaths related to air pollution are attributed to outdoor environments. Most of the deaths are premature deaths caused by air pollution due to high exposure to air pollution in rural areas and suburban settlements. The concentration of inhalable particles is a thousand times higher than the particles in outdoor air. This risk, which reduces the respiratory health of women and children in particular, contributes to the total deaths of 4 million deaths due to infectious diseases [32]. Also, there are many epidemiological evidences [33] that this situation leads to an increase in the risk of liver cancer, tuberculosis, eye cataracts. These are all consequences of a faulty ecology [34] that relies on insignificant energy sources and ineffective technologies [35] in traditional low-income housing. Families with low levels of income face education and knowledge transfer. The serious dangers of indoor and indoor air pollution are a reflection of the lifestyle of rural communities, the urban population of the suburbs and the surrounding cities. In general, the psychological, political, economic, social security and health of the people and the stability of the governments and societies are facing a serious threat, and every moment there is a fear that tension, unrest, poverty, hunger, war, disease, immigration and environmental refugees will engulf the countries. Climate and environmental changes are an important problem of human development in the new human era.

  • Contents & References of Investigating the behavior of rural and urban households in Behbahan city in facing dust

    List:

    None.  

    Source:

    A: Farsi

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Investigating the behavior of rural and urban households in Behbahan city in facing dust
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