Analysis of the position of political geography theories in the evolution of government in Iran

To receive a master's degree (M.A.)

Department: Political Geography

Abstract

In this research, an overview has been made by examining the theories of political geography and the future developments that have occurred in the process of these theories. Alfred Mahan emphasizes the role of sea areas and Halford Mackinder emphasizes the role of land areas. Other theories are inspired by these two people. Halford Mackinder emphasizes the role of land areas. Halford Mackinder proposed the theory of "Heartland" or the heart of the earth. In his opinion, the region of Eastern Europe was considered the heartland. In Mackinder's theory, the Middle East was considered one of the crescent-shaped regions, and for this reason, it was always one of the key areas of conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States. The famous doctrine of the presidents of the American Republic, such as Truman and Eisenhower, was in this direction. In the following years, another geopolitical theorist named N. J. By making changes in the Heartland theory, Spykman presented the Rimeland theory (marginal areas). He believes that any government that controls the regions of Rimeland will rule the world. S. B. Cohen proposed the theory of "fragile belts".

This research is a descriptive, analytical study based on the library method. Documentary and library information has been collected by referring to books, scientific and research journals, articles and internet sites. Library studies have been considered as the main and essential axis in the field of access to information and resources, and an attempt has been made to increase the consistency of research information by extracting various sources and emphasizing important library sources. The information obtained after classification has been studied and analyzed, and in this regard, tables and maps related to the subject have also been used. In general, the content, scope and topics discussed can be expressed in the following cases:

A. Opinions and thoughts of political geography (including discussions about the influence of geography on politics) and geopolitics.

B. Because the purpose of studying the political geography of a specific political unit is to pay attention to at least a few fields and factors, which are: 1. Existential cause. 2. The political geography of the land and its natural features, including topics such as its location and types, extent, shape, roughness, weather, mineral resources, etc. 3. Political geography of international borders. 4. The importance of political centers or the capital of the country. 5. Types, amount and form of territorial control. 6. Population and social composition and its territorial distribution. 7. Network of communication ways.

Key words: theories of political geography, government, Iran,

Abstract

In this research, an overview has been made by examining the theories of political geography and the future developments that have occurred in the process of these theories. Alfred Mahan emphasizes the role of sea areas and Halford Mackinder emphasizes the role of land areas. Other theories are inspired by these two people. Halford Mackinder emphasizes the role of land areas. Halford Mackinder proposed the theory of "Heartland" or the heart of the earth. In his opinion, the region of Eastern Europe was considered the heartland. In Mackinder's theory, the Middle East was considered one of the crescent-shaped regions, and for this reason, it was always one of the key areas of conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States. The famous doctrine of the presidents of the American Republic, such as the doctrine of Truman and Eisenhower, was in this direction. In the following years, another geopolitical theorist named N. J. By making changes in the Heartland theory, Spykman presented the Rimeland theory (marginal areas). He believes that any government that controls the regions of Rimeland will rule the world. S. B. Cohen proposed the theory of "fragile belts".

This research is a descriptive, analytical study based on the library method. Documentary and library information has been collected by referring to books, scientific and research journals, articles and internet sites. Library studies have been considered as the main and essential axis in the field of access to information and resources, and an attempt has been made to increase the consistency of research information by extracting various sources and emphasizing important library sources. The information obtained after classification has been studied and analyzed, and in this regard, tables and maps related to the subject have also been used. In general, the content, scope and topics discussed can be expressed in the following cases:

A.

B. Because the purpose of investigating the political geography of a specific political unit, it is necessary to pay attention to at least a few fields and factors, which are: 1. Existential cause. 2. The political geography of the land and its natural features, including topics such as its location and types, extent, shape, roughness, weather, mineral resources, etc. 3. Political geography of international borders. 4. The importance of political centers or the capital of the country. 5. Types, amount and form of territorial control. 6. Population and social composition and its territorial distribution. 7. Network of communication channels. Key words: theories of political geography, government, Iran. Chapter 1. Research overview. 1) Introduction. It is expressed by describing the dimensions of each one.

Greater Iran (also known as Iran of the Earth or Iranshahr) is the geographical area and civilization area of ??the Iranian plateau and its adjacent plains, including present-day Iran, the greater part of the Caucasus, Afghanistan and Central Asia, which is sometimes referred to as the Great Persia. It also includes Mesopotamia and most of Armenia and South Caucasus. The concept of Great Iran has its roots in several thousand years of history and goes back to the era of the first Persian Empire. In the modern era, Iran lost many of its lands, including the transfer of Iraq to the Ottoman Empire (1533 AD), the transfer of Afghanistan to Britain during the Treaty of Paris in 1857 AD and 1905 AD, and the transfer of the Caucasus lands to Russia in the 18th and 19th centuries; The Treaty of Turkmanchai in 1828, after the war between Russia and Iran, permanently handed over the Caucasian provinces of Iran to Russia, and new borders were formed along the Aras River. According to the Treaty of Golestan in 1813, the regions of Armenia, the Republic of Azerbaijan and eastern Georgia, which were previously part of Iran, were handed over to Russia. As a result of this historical division, new countries and nations were formed under the influence of Russia and England. Although they were connected with Iran through language or culture, they formed their own societies. In 1935, during the reign of Reza Shah, the name of Iran was officially used in international forums as the name of the remaining part of Iran. (http://fa. wikipedia. org/wiki)

The history of Iran, meaning the land of Aryans, begins with the migration of a group of Aryan peoples into the Iranian plateau. In Zoroastrian texts, the ancient land of Iranians is mentioned as Iran Vij. (Big Islamic Encyclopedia, 1380, 523). Iran is a relatively high land that includes a major part of the Iranian plateau, located between 25 degrees to 39.5 degrees north latitude and 40 to 63 degrees east longitude in the continent of Asia and in the southwest of this continent. Today's Iran has a rhombus-like shape with a large diameter of 2250 km from Ararat range in the northwest to Gwatar port in the southeast. The area of ??Iran is 1,648,195 square kilometers. Iran has a land border in the Middle East region with the countries of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan in the north, Türkiye and Iraq in the west and Afghanistan and Pakistan in the east. The Caspian Sea borders Iran in the north with Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, and in the south by the Oman Sea and the Persian Gulf with the countries of Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Oman and Pakistan. (Ibid., 499)

1-2) Statement of the problem

Political geography is a branch of the science of geography that explores and examines the effectiveness and influence of politics and power in the geographic environment, and in other words, the impact of political decisions on the geographic environment. The special role of political geography is the political organization of space at the local, national, and regional levels, and geopolitics, which traditionally deals with the foreign policy issues of countries based on geographic information, perspectives, and techniques, is considered a type of applied political geography. The design of spatial models based on geographical requirements, as a guide for the foreign policy of countries, was first presented by geographers and then found a wide application in practical politics. 3 Political geography discusses political phenomena in the internal space of a country, which traditionally includes concepts such as border, nation, government and territory.