Pathology of women's management in the executive bodies of Gilan province

Dissertation to receive Master's Degree (M.A)

Public Administration (Human Resources)

Abstract

Compared to research in other fields of management, the issue of women's presence in management as a research field is relatively new. Also, obtaining key positions for women is very complicated and includes many variables. The problem investigated in the current research is why, despite the fact that women make up half of the human resources of the society and have the potential to increase the productivity level of the society, their presence in the management jobs of the society is so insignificant. Therefore, the current research answers the question, what are the obstacles to the promotion of women in the field of management? ; This research, which was carried out with the aim of enumerating the barriers to the promotion of women in the field of management in a descriptive-survey and documentary manner, by collecting 42 valid questionnaires among the managers of Gilan province, reached the conclusion that 22% of the managers of the province are women and 32.5% of the executive bodies of the province benefit from female managers. The most important factors that hinder the advancement of women in the field of management are political, cultural, organizational, and individual economic factors. And among other factors, they have also mentioned religion, lack of decision-making power.

Key words: management, women, obstacles, promotion

Introduction

Women make up half of the world's population. Two-thirds of the work done in the world is done by them, while only one-tenth of the world's income belongs to women. Human power is one of the important and valuable reserves of developing countries. If these countries are able to bring human power towards growth, excellence and expertise, they will compete with industrialized countries. The low wages of women compared to men and the problems and obstacles that exist for them in education and employment continue to stabilize the situation to the disadvantage of women. Theoretically, if we consider people's actions as a system, women's approach to employment outside the home is influenced by their cultural, social, political, economic and personality systems. Due to their assigned roles, women must meet the expectations that they have learned through socialization in the family and school. One of the norms of society for women is to form a family and play the role of mother and wife. The more traditional a society is, it gives more importance to these assigned roles and deprives people of freedom of action to find a better position in acquired roles. The structure of developing countries is such that changes in their value systems are very slow, and one of the norms in such countries is that women are expected to perform the assigned roles, and when in the new economic conditions, the existence of women in activities outside the home is a need, either at the micro level, which is to pay attention to a family, or at the macro level, which means the need to use huge force at the country level, it seems that the harmony of values ??and norms with the existing changes will take some time and will take some time. In a period of crisis from the traditional stage to the modern stage, conflicts will arise (Fatemi Sadr, 2013, p. 4).  

1-2) statement of the problem

Women make up half of the world's population. Two-thirds of the work done in the world is done by them, while only one-tenth of the world's income belongs to women. Human power is one of the important and valuable reserves of developing countries. If these countries can bring the human force towards growth, excellence and expertise, they will compete with industrialized countries. The low wages of women compared to men and the problems and obstacles that exist for them in education and employment continue to stabilize the situation to the detriment of women. Theoretically, if we consider people's actions as a system, women's approach to employment outside the home is influenced by their cultural, social, political, economic and personality systems. Due to their assigned roles, women must meet the expectations that they have learned through socialization in the family and school. One of the norms of society for women is to form a family and play the role of mother and wife. The more traditional a society is, it gives more importance to these assigned roles and deprives people of freedom of action to find a better position in acquired roles.. The structure of developing countries is such that changes in their value systems are very slow, and one of the norms in such countries is that women are expected to perform the assigned roles, and when in the new economic conditions, the existence of women in activities outside the home is a need, either at the micro level, which is to pay attention to a family, or at the macro level, which means the need to use huge force at the country level, it seems that the harmony of values ??and norms with the existing changes will take some time and will take some time. In a period of crisis from the traditional stage to the modern stage, conflicts will arise (Fatemi Sadr, 2013, p. 4).

Women as half of the active population of the country are responsible for only 12% of the economic activity of the society. This small share has been around 10% during the last 40 years. This situation has progressed in such a way that, according to experts, the number of working women has not changed in the last 20 years, so that their share in the number of unemployed people in the country is double their share in the total employment of the country. A statistical survey shows that the percentage of female employees is 4.9% of the total employees. In this survey, it has been determined that working women in the public sector are at the top of all women with a figure of 39.5%. This is while the share of working women in the group of high-ranking managers to the total working women in the public sector is only 9.4%. The desired data points out that the percentage of women employed by employers and independent employees in the private sector is 1.37% of the total number of women working in the private sector, and the percentage of women working in cooperatives is only 9.4%. The results of this research on the managerial contribution of women in the cooperative sector again point to figures that are not very promising. This figure includes only 18.1 percent. The data in question emphasize the small share of women in the managerial sectors of the society, and the same small number also face problems in their work environments. In examining these problems, experts point to two categories of social and personality positions in this case, considering the male structure that dominates most work environments. Soheilapour Moghadam, an expert on social issues, explains these two sectors: "In the social sector, we are facing problems such as lack of trust in the performance of female managers. In the sense that women are used from the beginning in jobs where there is no possibility of progress. The second problem is related to personality issues. From this point of view, women cannot create a proper communication network with the people around them at the workplace in such a way that through this network they can elevate themselves in their professional activities and achieve higher success. Certainly, people communicate with those who have common factors with them, and since gender is considered the first factor in this field, the possibility of communication with female managers automatically decreases. This social issues expert continues: "This relationship is the factor that plays a key role in the success of many male managers. For example, a male employee or deputy can easily go out to have lunch with his boss, while women have limitations in their social relationships and are not able to communicate in this way."

A cursory look at the developments of Islamic society in Iran during the years after the victory of the Islamic Revolution, confirms the fact that although in recent decades, due to the occurrence of various issues and problems, especially the occurrence of imposed war, our country faces many challenges and obstacles in the path of its growth and development. has been facing And in none of the main goals and ideals of the revolution, it has never been changed, because the planners and officials have always worked towards their full realization based on the prevailing religious and belief values. Among the main goals of the revolution, we can mention the system of continuity of social justice. In line with this continuity, improving the status of women in society and improving human development indicators are among the goals of the system, which are included in the national programs. The issue of women's employment and the increase of their presence in scientific and management centers and the increase of interaction with the presence of the labor market and the ever-increasing field of educated female workforce have made it possible for the category of women's management to change its nature at the levels of the central and key issues of society. So that in principle 3 of the constitution, in clauses 8, 9, 12, and 14, and principles 20, 21, 28, and 29, the public participation of men and women is stated regardless of their differences. This participation is also emphasized in the vision document of 1404 (Mohvadi 2008).