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Comparison of attachment styles and self-esteem in women seeking divorce and normal women

Number of pages: 166 File Format: word File Code: 30289
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Psychology
Tags/Keywords: attachment - Attachment styles - self esteem - Women applying for divorce
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  • Summary of Comparison of attachment styles and self-esteem in women seeking divorce and normal women

    Dissertation for receiving a master's degree (M.A.) (

    Tendency: general

    Comparison of attachment styles and self-esteem in women applying for divorce and normal women

    Abstract

    The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the attachment styles and self-esteem of women applying for divorce with normal women in 2013. The statistical population in this research is all married women in Shiraz, including women applying for divorce at intervals Until July of 2013, ordinary women who had not referred to the family prosecutor's offices until May 2013. The present research was a causal-comparative study and the method of collecting data was 160 women, including two groups: the first group was 80 women who applied for a divorce in the city of Shiraz and their sampling method. , the sampling was purposeful. The second group was 80 normal women who were selected from the clients of the health care centers and they were almost equal to the group of divorce applicants in terms of the years of marriage and the urban area of ??residence. The research tools included the Revised Questionnaire on Close Relationships (ECR-R) and the Cooper Smith Self-Esteem Questionnaire. The results of the MANOVA test and the independent T-test showed that the scores of attachment styles (anxious and avoidant) were higher in women applying for divorce than normal women; And the difference in two groups was significant. In the variable of self-esteem and its sub-scales (family self-esteem, social self-esteem and professional/academic self-esteem), normal women had a higher average than women seeking divorce, and the difference in the two groups was significant. It is essential that this point is taken into consideration by health policymakers and life skills training and parenting skills should be considered in order to improve family relationships for families.

    Key words: attachment styles, self-esteem, women seeking divorce

    Introduction:

    Family as the smallest social unit is the basis of society formation and preservation of human emotions and is one of the effective factors in individual behavior. It is considered that the family is the order and arranger of the individual's actions in general and the natural environment, the center of love and constant support in various aspects of individual life. For this reason, its role in a person's life increases day by day. When family patterns are useful for achieving goals, the family will be functionally efficient, but when these patterns are not useful and the interaction takes place along with stress and pathological behaviors, the family becomes ineffective (Behboudi, Hashemian, Sharifi, and Nawabi, 2018).

    The cornerstone of the family is marriage. Marriage requires cooperation, empathy, unity, love, kindness, tolerance, and responsibility. A life together begins with the belief that only death can separate us from each other, and couples, at least at the beginning of their life together, fully believe in it. But the reality is something else, common life is affected by many factors, some of which may lead couples to conflict, psychological separation, and even divorce. Various researches have shown that one of the most important problematic factors is the disruption in communication or in other words, the disruption in the process of understanding and understanding (Farhangi, 1379).

    Divorce is considered to mean the end of life together between couples and their physical separation after mental and emotional separation. In this case, couples choose a new way of life based on their spiritual, social and economic requirements, which may be fundamentally different from their past way of life. In general, separation and divorce are associated with dissatisfaction and overshadow the mental and emotional conditions of men and women and their social attitudes. The occurrence of problems such as anxiety, depression, mental tensions, physical diseases, isolation, morbid fears, etc. are among the psychological dimensions of divorce (Geneve [1], 1992). A large amount of research findings also support this issue (Ryan, Richard, Redding and Eileen [2], 2004). Divorce is also one of the injuries that affect the functioning of the family and are reciprocally affected by the functioning of the family, and in terms of creating many social problems and social stigma, it affects the mental and social health of individuals and leads to the occurrence of many problems in the useful activities and interests of individuals (Arenda and Irene[3], 2004).

    One of the important factors that has been paid attention to in recent years and has an impact on marital satisfaction; Attachment style means the person's initial experiences with their parents or the type of emotional relationship a person has with his parents during childhood. Some studies have tried to answer the question of how a person's early experiences in childhood can affect him in adulthood (Simpson and Rolls [4], 1998).

    Attachment style is one of the characteristics that affect family functioning and are reciprocally affected by family functioning. Attachment is a deep emotional bond that we establish with special people in our lives, so that when we interact with them, We feel uplifted and when we are stressed, we feel relaxed when we are with them (Burke [5], 2010). In other words, attachment is a close emotional relationship in which one feels secure (Balby, 1980). From the second half of the first year of life, children become attached to familiar people who meet their needs. Freud was the first person to say that the child's emotional bond with the mother is the basis of all his subsequent relationships. However, the psychoanalytic theory considers feeding as the primary condition for the emotional bond between the infant and the mother (Burke, 2010).

    Today, attachment theory is the center of attention for emotional relationships in adults and can provide a useful framework for conceptualizing and treating problematic adults, and adult attachment theory is one of the centers of attention of counselors in the fields of counseling with people who experience defective interpersonal relationships. (Erdman and Caffrey, 2003). The effects of attachment are noteworthy not only on interpersonal relationships but also in the field of psychopathology of adults. The events that were related to the child's attachment can indirectly include aspects of the adult's feelings and thoughts. Attachment styles affect the thinking, feelings and memories of adults and are known as one of the factors that have reflected new perspectives in the diagnosis of psychopathology (Cassidy and Shaver, 1999).

    Parents play the first and most important role in children's attachment, and the type of attachment children have as an important part of their personality affects their subsequent interactions. What kind of parenting style parents have will have completely different results for children's attachment (Pellerin [6], 2005).

    In addition to attachment style, self-esteem is also one of the characteristics that is influenced by the family on the one hand and affects the family on the other hand. Self-esteem is the amount of value a person places on himself. Some researchers believe that a difference should be made between self-esteem and self-concept. Because self-esteem is more of a passive evaluation of oneself, self-esteem is related to how a person feels about his various characteristics.

    Rogers (1369) considers self-esteem to be a person's continuous assessment of his own worth, and if people consider themselves valuable beings, they will realize themselves sooner. counted towards himself. These feedbacks are related to capabilities, values, approval or lack of approval and effectiveness.

    Divorce, as a phenomenon that leads to the breakup of the family, affects different aspects of both couples' lives. Since divorce is considered a weak and negative point in the social life of people, especially women who are more vulnerable than men, separation as being alone and without support overshadows the level of self-confidence and self-esteem of people, especially in this cycle, women usually compare themselves with other members of the society. Many women applying for divorce are mainly forced to Those who face a huge gap between their ideal self and their real self, who find themselves at a lower level compared to other members of the society, therefore their sense of self-esteem also decreases, which may be the beginning of higher mental and emotional problems.

  • Contents & References of Comparison of attachment styles and self-esteem in women seeking divorce and normal women

    List:

    List of Content

    Page Title

    Abstract .. 1

    Chapter One: Generalities of the research

    1-1 Introduction. 3

    2-1 statement of the problem. 8

    3-1 Necessity of research. 16

    4-1 Research objectives. 19

    5-1 research hypotheses. 20

    6-1 Theoretical definition of variables. 20

    7-1 operational definition of variables. 21

    The second chapter: Theoretical topics and research background

    1-2 Theoretical topics. 23

    1-1-2 marriage. 23

    1-1-1-2 styles of marriage. 25

    2-1-1-2 Threatening factors of cohabitation. 30

    3-1-1-2 Conflicts in common life. 31

    4-1-1-2 constructive and destructive conflicts. 35

    2-1-2 family. 36

    1-2-1-2 family duties. 37

    3-1-2 Divorce. 38

    1-3-1-2 Definition of divorce. 38

    2-3-1-2 stages of divorce. 40

    3-3-1-2 Causes and factors of divorce in society. 41

    4-3-1-2 Pathology of divorce. 47

    5-3-1-2 silent divorce. 48

    6-3-1-2 The pathology of divorce on men and women. 49

    7-3-1-2 Ways to reduce the occurrence of divorce. 52

    4-1-2 Attachment. 54

    1-4-1-2 How attachment arises and grows. 57

    2-4-1-2 stability of attachment. 58

    3-4-1-2 Adulthood and quality of attachment. 60

    4-4-1-2 Types of attachment. 62

    5-4-1-2 Types of adult attachment. 64

    6-4-1-2 Attachment and romantic relationships. 65

    7-4-1-2 Attachment from different perspectives. 66

    5-1-2 Self-esteem. 70

    1-5-1-2 The formation of self-esteem. 72

    2-5-1-2 Principles of self-esteem. 76

    3-5-1-2 What are the sources of self-esteem? 80

    4-5-1-2 Consequences of low self-esteem. 81

    2-5 Review of previous research. 83

    The third chapter: Research method

    1-3 general design of the research. 94

    2-3 statistical population, sample and sampling method. 94

    3-3 Demographic information. 95

    4-3 research tools. 99

    1-4-3 revised questionnaire in close relationships. 99

    2-4-3 Cooper Smith self-esteem questionnaire. 101

    5-3 Ethical considerations. 103

    6-3 execution method. 104

    7-3 Information analysis method. 104

    Chapter Four: Research findings

    1-4 descriptive findings related to research variables. 106

    2-4 Examining research hypotheses. 107

    1-2-4 The first hypothesis: There is a significant difference between the attachment styles of divorced women and normal women. 109

    2-2-4 Second hypothesis: There is a significant difference between the self-esteem of women applying for divorce and normal women. 111

    3-4 chapter summary. 113

    The fifth chapter: Discussion and conclusion

    1-5 research summary. 115

    2-5 Examining the results of hypotheses. 116

    3-5 Research limitations and obstacles. 126

    4-5  suggestions. 127

    1-4-5 Research proposals. 127

    2-4-5 practical suggestions. 128

    Sources

    Persian sources. 130

    Latin sources. 138

    Appendices

    Appendix 1: Personal information questionnaire (a). 145

    Appendix 2: Personal information questionnaire (b). 146

    Appendix 3: Cooper Smith self-esteem questionnaire. 147

    Appendix 4: Questionnaire of experiences related to close relationships. 151

    English abstract. 153

    List of tables

    Title

    Table 1-3 Comparison of occupations in the studied groups (by number). 95

    Table 2-3 Comparison of education in the studied groups (by number). 96

    Table 3-3 Comparison of residential conditions in the investigated groups (by number). 96

    Table 4-3 Comparison of the number of children in the investigated groups. 97

    Table 5-3 Comparison of the reasons for divorce in the investigated groups (by number). 97

    Table 6-3 Comparison of how to choose a spouse in the studied groups (by number). 98

    Table 3-7 Comparison of the type of marriage and dating in the studied groups (by number). 98

    Table 4-1 Descriptive findings of attachment style variables (anxious, avoidant), total self-esteem and its subscales (general self-esteem, family self-esteem, social self-esteem, occupational/educational self-esteem) related to normal women (N=80).. 106

    Table 2106

    Table 2-4 descriptive findings of attachment style variables (anxious, avoidant), total self-esteem and its subscales (general self-esteem, family self-esteem, social self-esteem, occupational/educational self-esteem) related to women applying for divorce (N=80). 107

    Table 3-4 Correlation matrix of studied variables in women applying for divorce (N=80). 108

    Table 4-4 Correlation matrix of studied variables in normal women (N=80). 108

    Table 4-5 Pillai effect and Wilkes lambda and Hotelling effect and the largest root of zinc. 109

    Table 6-4 Multivariate analysis of variance to investigate the difference of attachment styles in women applying for divorce and normal women. 110

    Table 4-7 of the t-test between the two groups of divorce applicants and normal. 111

    Table 4-8 Pillai effect, Wilkes lambda, Hotelling effect and the largest root. 111

    Table 9-4 Multivariate analysis of variance to investigate the difference of self-esteem (total) and its subscales in women applying for divorce and normal women. 112

    Source:

    Persian sources:

    - Azaddar Makki, Taghi; Zand, Mahnaz and Khazaei, Tahereh (1379). Investigation of social and cultural changes during three generations of Tehrani family. Social Sciences Quarterly, No. 16, pp. 3-29.

    Ahmadi, Khodabakhsh (2004). Investigating contextual, individual and bilateral communication factors affecting marital compatibility. Family Research Quarterly, first year, number 2, pp. 236-221. - Akhavi Samreen, Zahra; Navanejad, glory; Sanai Zakir, Bagher; Akbari, Mehdi (2012). Attachment styles and levels of forgiveness among women seeking divorce and ordinary women. Women's studies, volume 35, number 2, pp. 55-82. - Afshar, Hamid; Masali, Nasreen; Barkatin, Majid; Kiani, Farzaneh (2007). The relative frequency of bipolar spectrum disorders in divorce applicants referring to family counseling centers in Isfahan city and its relationship with some demographic characteristics. Behavioral Science Research, Volume 6, Number 1.

    - Amiri, Medina (2010). Comparison of personality traits, attachment style and locus of control in patients with anxiety disorders and control group. Master's Thesis, General Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan Branch.

    - Baghban, Iran: Moradi, Mahmoud (2012). Investigating the effect of family therapy using a structured method on reducing marital conflicts of divorced couples in Isfahan city. Science and Research, No. 16, pp. 112-99.

    - Besharat, Mohammad Ali and Karimi, Kiyomarth and Raheminejad, Abbas (2016). Investigating the relationship between attachment styles and personality dimensions. Journal of Psychology and Educational Sciences, year 36, numbers 1 and 2, pp. 37-55. Methods of increasing self-esteem in children and adolescents. Tehran: Publications of the Association of Parents and Teachers.

    - Bani Jamali, Shokoh al-Sadat. Nafisi, Gholamreza. Yazdi, Seyedeh Manour (2013). Finding the root causes of family breakup in relation to the psycho-social characteristics of girls and boys before marriage, Journal of Educational Sciences and Psychology of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, 3rd period, 11th year, numbers 1 and 2, pp. 143-170.

    - Behbodhi, Masoumeh; Hashemian, Kianoush; Sharifi, Hassan Pasha; Nawabi, Shokuh (2008). Predicting family functioning based on couples' personality traits. Journal of Thought and Behavior, third volume, number 11, pp. 55-66. Beh Pajoh, Ahmed; Khanjani, Mehdi; Heydari, Mahmoud and Shakohi Yekta, Mohsen (2006). Investigating the effectiveness of social skills training on the self-esteem of blind students. Journals of research in psychological health of Tarbiat Moalem Tehran University, first period, third issue.

    - Behnam, Jamshid (1356). Constructions of family and kinship in Iran. Tehran: Khwarazmi Publications.

    - Biyabangerd, Ismail (2012). Youth and marriage. Tehran, Islamic Culture Publications.

    - Tajik Ismaili, Azizullah (1373). Family consistency is an Islamic approach. Link, number 180.

    - Tiber (1372). Children of divorce. Translation of Turandakht civilization. Second edition. Tehran. Translation Publisher, 10:-14.

    - Jokar, Mohammad; Alimi, Siamak (2008). Resilience, mental health and self-esteem from life. Iranian Journal of Clinical Psychology, third year. Number 2. Page 125-145

    - Hamedi, Nawab (2013). Women and solution to separation: examination of psychological and legal dimensions. Scientific and Research Journal of the Judiciary, third year, seventh issue, page 14-23.

    - Hosseini, Akbar (1382). Today's teenager "Knowledge and education". Menadi Tarbiat Institute: Tehran.

    - Hosseinian Simin (1382). Comparing and relating the mental health of children and mothers who have custody of their children with children and mothers who have been denied custody of their children.

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