Academic thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: Psychology major: Clinical
Abstract:
The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing social anxiety, body image and hope for life in men and women applying for cosmetic surgery with normal people.
Research method: This research is a causal-comparative study. In this research, 100 people applying for cosmetic surgery who visited the medical centers and clinics of Rasht were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and compared with 100 non-applicants who were matched with the applicant group in terms of gender and education. The research data was collected during the implementation of the questionnaires of social anxiety (SPIN), body image of Kash (MBSRQ) and life expectancy of Schneider and was analyzed using inferential statistics of multivariate analysis of variance MANOVA.
Results: The findings showed that 1. There is a significant difference between social anxiety, body image and life expectancy in male and female surgery applicants and normal people. (P > 0.01). 2. In terms of social anxiety, there is a difference between female cosmetic surgery applicants and male cosmetic surgery applicants and normal people. . (P > 0.01). 3. In terms of body perception, there is a difference between female cosmetic surgery applicants and male cosmetic surgery applicants and normal people. (P > 0.01). 4. In terms of life expectancy, there is a difference between female cosmetic surgery applicants and male cosmetic surgery applicants with normal people. (P > 0.01).
Keywords: Social anxiety, body image, hope for life
Introduction:
Man is a beautiful and lovable creature, and the desire for beauty has existed in human nature for a long time (Wolpe, 2002). Beauty is a completely natural and common tendency among all human beings, but today the tendency towards beauty has reached the stage of showing off and showing off, so that many people in the society seek to gain a greater share of beauty by spending exorbitant costs and accepting physical, mental and even life consequences (Tigman [1], 2001). (Jorabchi, 1389). Cosmetic surgery is one of the latest human achievements to create beauty, it has grown increasingly (Gilman, 1994; quoted by Mirsardo et al., 2019).
Cosmetic surgery, which is used to improve appearance, is a specialty that deals with repairing, maintaining or improving a person's physical appearance through medical surgical techniques and has increased dramatically in the last decade (Swami, 2009). According to statistics published in 2003, the five most common cosmetic surgeries include: Liposuction, increase and decrease of breast volume, eyelid surgery and breast surgery. Botox injection, laser hair removal, microdermabrasion, chemical peeling, and collagen injection have also been proposed as the most common non-surgical cosmetic interventions (American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 2004).
In the 20th century, especially in the last few decades, new perceptions of beauty have been made, and beauty is defined as a set of components such as fitness, makeup, attractiveness, and perfection. Today, cosmetic surgery has become one of the concerns of people. According to the report of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons[2], in 2010, more than 13 million plastic surgeries were performed in this country. In a national survey in Norway[3], it has been determined that 0.03 of men and 0.07 of women aged 18-65 have performed some type of plastic surgery. In our country, the demand for cosmetic surgery has grown by 0.080 since the 1970s, and this statistic is currently increasing. Cosmetic surgeries are not exclusive to the affluent class of society, and there are people from every social class who have entrusted part of their face or body to the razor of cosmetic surgeons. This trend has continued in such a way that the people of Iran, along with Turkey and Brazil, are in the first ranks of the number of surgeries in the world.
The appearance, which is visible and visible to the person and others, can be used as a sign for action. As a result, the body is not only a simple entity, but also a means to cope with external situations, and facial expressions and body movements are the basic content of signs that people's daily communication depends on, and in order to be able to continuously and successfully monitor their face and body, they show an aspect that is acceptable to everyone (Azadarmaki, 2011).To be able to continuously and successfully monitor their face, physical appearance is an important part of body image because it is the first source of information that others use for social interactions with people. The body is the most visible part of the self and self-awareness of the person. Body image is the internal embodiment of a person's external appearance, which includes physical, perceptual and attitudinal dimensions. The main dimensions of this attitude include evaluation components, investment of the individual in dealing with appearance schemas and emotions, which shows the importance of internalized appearance (Yakobsen, 1967; Qalabandi, 2013).
Scientists of social sciences have found that people associate physical beauty with desirable personality traits such as intelligence, competence, agreeableness, and social acceptance. And they do more cosmetic surgery to eliminate dissatisfaction with their appearance and sometimes to increase their self-esteem (Qalabandi et al., 2012). Because low self-esteem and lack of physical and sexual attractiveness in people increases the possibility of people tending to undergo physical surgery (Bashart, 2016). Low self-esteem and negative body image usually bring stress to a person, which a person uses special strategies to deal with them (Mohammed Panah et al., 2016).
Appearance is a part of a person's identity and in social situations, it is immediately visible when dealing with others, so the importance of this structure It is a very clear personality (Swami et al., 2009).
The combination of beauty with industrial and medical achievements has made beauty not only a natural and biological characteristic, but an acquired characteristic (Webster, 1983). Today, cosmetic surgery is considered as one of the most common surgeries in the world, and its use is increasing (Huang, 2004). Like other specialties in medicine, cosmetic surgery interventions must also be subjected to careful clinical trials before they are applied to patients. The border between innovation in surgery and testing on humans is a vague border, and it is always with an emphasis on protecting the health and well-being of patients. The impact of advances in beauty technologies on people's bodies and people's efforts to control their bodies and have ownership over their bodies has made people, especially women, become one of the permanent consumers of these technologies in recent years. This has caused people to suffer in particular and lose their health in general. One of the main goals of this research is to compare social anxiety, body image and life expectancy in people applying for cosmetic surgery with normal people. In this article, comparative causal method and targeted sampling have been used.
1-1 Statement of the basic problem:
Social anxiety is basically the fear of being watched by others. This fear may have been innate to some extent. But when the gaze of others, whether intentionally (real) or imagined (imaginary) in certain situations, creates extreme discomfort, the result is "social anxiety"; Social anxiety means that the scrutiny of others is always there in some way. There is the ridiculous case of being hidden. Behind this fear, there is also "fear of performance", that is, the fear of not being able to fulfill one's role or of losing one's control in front of the eyes of others. Fear of performance often causes the thing that a person is most afraid of happening; It means faulty operation. For example, a frightened speaker cannot utter any words. In some cases, social anxiety is because others do not see his social anxiety; such as blushing or body tremors (Donald Goodwin, 1373). This social anxiety, which is characterized by constant fear of interacting or performing an action in social situations that is caused by worrying about being scared, humiliated or negatively evaluated by others, is often a chronic and debilitating condition (Schenir[4] et al., 1992; quoted by Gholami, 2014). Another factor influencing the behavior of body image is the concept of body image was first proposed by Shelder. He defined body image with a psychological perspective as follows: (an image of our body that we form in our mind and the way the body is revealed to us, body image is not a cognitive process, but reflects desires, emotional attitudes and interaction with others).