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The relationship between personality traits and attachment styles with optimism

Number of pages: 154 File Format: word File Code: 30282
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Psychology
Tags/Keywords: adaptability - Ambivalent attachment style - attachment style - Avoidant attachment style - Being open to experience - Conscientiousness - extroversion - neurosis - optimism - safe
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  • Summary of The relationship between personality traits and attachment styles with optimism

    Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A)

    Tension: Educational Psychology

    Abstract:

    Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between personality traits and attachment styles with optimism.

    Method: This study was a descriptive correlation study. A total of 302 students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran branch of Mergez were selected by available sampling method. To collect information from Carver and Shier optimism questionnaires; Costa and McCree's personality traits; Hazan and Shaver attachment styles were used. Pearson's correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis were used to examine the relationship and predictability of the variables. Findings: There is a positive and consistent relationship between the personality traits of extroversion and adaptability, with optimism among students. There is a negative and inverse relationship between irritability and receptivity to experience and ambivalent attachment style with optimism among students. Personality traits and attachment styles were able to predict students' optimism. Conclusion: Personality traits and attachment styles play an important role in students' optimism. Keywords: optimism, extroversion, neuroticism, adaptability, receptivity to Experiential, conscientious, secure, avoidant attachment style, ambivalent attachment style

    Introduction

    Positive psychology seeks to clarify a picture of a good life (psychologically, of course) and uses psychological methods to determine what makes life worth living. The goal is to show what practices lead to experiences of well-being and well-being, to the cultivation of positive thoughts that are optimistic and resilient, and to the creation of flourishing institutions and associations. Therefore, the main topic of positive psychology is to investigate such positive mental experiences; Well-being, satisfaction, contentment, pleasure, hope, psychological optimism, competence, love, love of work, courage, perseverance, autonomy, interpersonal skills, talent, creativity, initiative, foresight, wisdom, interpersonal responsibility, altruism, work conscience and nurturing others (Rio [1], 2005, translated by Seyed Mohammadi, 2013). (Seligman[2] and Mihaly[3], 2000). And that strengths are as important as weaknesses, flexibility is as important as vulnerability (Snyder[4] and Lopez[5], 2002). The fact that people can develop their capabilities brings two results: 1- Fostering personal growth and health and 2- Preventing diseases such as depression that can take root in the personality.

    Optimism means looking at the bright side of things even in dire situations (Karr[6], 2004, translated by Pasha Sharifi and Najafi Zand, 2015). According to Tiger[7] (1979), optimism is an inherent part of human beings and a distinctive and adaptive characteristic. Tyler's research [8] (1989) also shows that people, especially healthy people, biasly see themselves as optimistic. Optimism arises from a positive view of oneself and can be considered as a positive or cheerful attitude that is related to what a person expects to appear in the near or far future (Peterson [9], 2000). Science has proven that optimism is a gift, not only as a cultural trait that encompasses the entire system. An attitude of positive expectation energizes us and calls out our hidden talents. This attitude increases our awareness. Optimism casts a strong ray of light around the dark corners of our lives and reveals the potential possibilities that are hidden in the darkness. An optimist interprets events from the perspective of hope, discovers its advantages and finds ethical solutions that pessimists do not notice (Prichett [10], 2003, translated by Angaei, 2014).

    Seligman (1998) has conceptualized optimism as an explanatory style[11]. According to this view, optimistic people determine negative events or experiences by attributing them to external, transitory and specific factors such as circumstances. On the contrary, pessimistic people determine negative events or experiences by attributing their cause to internal factors such as personal failure (Carr, 2004, translated by Pasha Sharifi and Najafi Zand, 2015).

              Scheier[12] and Carver[13] (1985) conceptualized optimism as a broad positive psychological trait characterized by general optimistic expectations. Various studies have shown that the performance of pessimists is poorer than that of optimists in three aspects:

    They are more likely to suffer from depression.

    They are more likely to be depressed at school, at work, and in the field of work. Their physical health is weaker compared to optimistic people (Seligman, 2006, translated by Daver Panah and Mohammadi, 2013). Among the structures that are related to people's optimism are personality traits. The view that human personality and behavior consists of a set of traits [14] and that traits are at the center of a person's personality has been around for a long time, and contemporary theorists have adopted several very different approaches over the years to determine which traits are important and which ones are not. McCree [15] and Costa [16] built the five-factor model of personality, which relies on the insights of Eysenck, Kettle and others (McCree, 2000). So that these five factors of his give a complete framework that we can combine and understand the concepts of Eysenck and Kettle's traits (Parvin[17] and Jan[18], 2001, translated by Javadi and Kadivar, 2012). These five factors are: 1- Neuroticism[19] 2- Extroversion[20] 3- Openness[21] 4- Pleasantness[22] (Agreeableness) 5- Conscientiousness[23] (Conscientiousness).

    Other structures that are expected to be related to people's optimism are attachment styles. Trying to find and maintain contact with important people in life is a primary and inherent motivating principle of human beings, which is with him throughout his life. Attachment is one of the innate parts of human beings that cannot be separated from them after childhood and adolescence (Balbi [24], 1998). Attachment can be considered a stable and deep biological and social situation that is formed based on the relationship between the child and his caregivers in the early years of life (Ainsworth [25], 1973). This relationship between parent and child leads to the formation of different attachment patterns in the child, which includes three attachment patterns: 1- secure attachment[26] 2- avoidant insecure attachment[27] 3- ambivalent insecure attachment[28]. The research of Hazan [29] and Shaver [30] (1990) shows that these communication patterns in childhood govern the future relationships of children in adulthood. Considering that the main goal of psychology is to improve the condition and quality of human life (Peterson and Seligman, 1984). Approaching the concept of optimism can lead us to these two goals. The upcoming research aims to determine the relationship between the personality traits considered in McCree and Costa's five-factor theory and attachment styles with optimism, and also explain the contribution of each structure in predicting optimism.

    Statement of the problem

    The way most people think is neither flexible nor accurate. Most people think they are better than average and most think they are better than average in all areas. Many people have a positive bias towards themselves. People, especially healthy people, see themselves as optimistic biases (Taylor, 1989). Human thinking is characterized by a serious positive bias. That is, our brain is designed in such a way that instead of thinking realistically and negatively, we think in a positive way (Karr, 2004; translated by Pasha Sharifi and Najafi Zand). Therefore, optimism is part of human nature and means the tendency to adopt the most hopeful point of view, and it refers to an emotional and cognitive pre-preparedness regarding the fact that good things in life are more important than bad things (Carver and Shier, 1992). It is believed that optimism and the degree to which we think optimistically, is formed both individually based on the characteristics of a person's nature and socially in relation to the social worlds in which we live (Haidari, Ehtshamzadeh Halajani, 2009). Scheer and Carver (1985) define optimism as a generalized expectation that more good events will occur in the future than bad events.

  • Contents & References of The relationship between personality traits and attachment styles with optimism

    List:

    Table of Contents

    Title from page to page

    Chapter One: General Research

    Introduction.                    2 to 6

    Statement of the problem.                    7 to 11

    The importance of research and the motivation to choose it.                   11 to 14

    Research objectives.                   15 to 15

    Research hypotheses.                  15 to 16

    Conceptual and operational definitions of variables and keywords.                  16 to 21

    Chapter Two: Background and research literature

    2-1 History of optimism (criterion variable).                    23 to 27

    2-2 Views related to optimism.                 27 to 35

       2-3     Neuro-biological foundations of optimism.                 35 to 37

    2-4 Personality history (predictor variable).                 38 to 45

    2-5 Views related to personality.                 45 to 66

    2-6 Biological basis for strengths related to personality.                66 to 68

    2-7 Attachment history (predictor variable). .               69 to 70

    2-8 Basic concepts in attachment theory.                  70 to 76

    2-9 Characteristics of attachment styles in children and adults.                  76 to 79

    2-10 stages of attachment.                80 to 81

    2-11 Consequences of weak attachment.               82 to 83

    2-12 Theories related to attachment.               83 to 88

    2-13    . Researches conducted around research variables.              88 to 93

    Chapter three: Methodology

    3-1 Research method.                  95 to 95

    3-2 Statistical population and sample and sampling method.                 96 to 96

    3-3 research tools.                 96 to 103

    3-4 The method of collecting information.                  103 to 103

     

     

    3-5    Information analysis method.                 103 to 104

    Chapter Four: Analysis of Research Findings

    4-1 Introduction.                  106 to 106

    4-2 Descriptive information of the statistical sample.                  106 to 112

    4-3 Inferential analysis of research hypotheses.                  112 to 123

    Chapter Five: Discussion and Conclusion

    5-1 Introduction.                 125 to 128

    5-2 Discussion and conclusion.                  129 to 138

    5-3 Research limitations.                 139 to 139

    5-3 Research proposals.                140 to 141

    Source:

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    Khoshabi, Katayoun; Abu Hamzah, Elham. (1386). John Bowlby's theory of attachment. First edition. Tehran: Danje Publications.

    Roshan, Rasul. (1385). Examining the psychometric properties of Neo's five-factor personality questionnaire. Daneshvar magazine, year 13. No. 16.

    Seligman, E. P. Ivitch, Karen. Cox, Lisa J. Gilham, Jane. (1390). Children against depression. (PrintTranslation of Farozandeh and Davrpaneh. Tehran: Rushd Publications. (Date of publication in original language, 1996).

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    Qurbani, Zohra. Golzari, Mahmoud. (1387). Examining the relationship between personality traits and the level of optimism of parents with the level of optimism of their children. Master's thesis. not printed Shahid Allameh Tabatabai University. Kaplan, Paul S. (1390). Developmental psychology (adventurous journey of a child). (5th edition). Tehran: Rasa Cultural Services Institute. (Original language publication date, 2000).

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    May Lee, R.; Roberto, b. (2008) Construction, emergence and evolution of personality. (5th edition). Translated by Mahmoud Mansour. Tehran: Tehran University Press. (Date of publication in the original language, no mention of the date). (1390). Theory in developmental psychology. (cognition, social cognition, cognition and emotions). (second edition). Tehran: Jajermi Publications.

    - Mandaripour, Kobri; Haq Ranjbar, Farrokh; Kakavand, Alireza; Sanai Zakir, Bagher. (2018). The relationship of attachment styles with optimism and loneliness in 9-12 year old students of Karaj city. Journal of Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, first period, number 1, spring 2018, pp. 118-127.

    Magyar-Moi, Jina. L. (2011). Techniques of positive psychology. (first edition). Translation of the century. Tehran: Rushd Publications. (Date of publication in the original language, 2009). Tagwi, Sayyed Mohammad Reza (2004). Optimism-pessimism and coping strategies: predicting psychological adjustment in adolescents. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 12th year Number 4 (consecutive 47) year 12, winter 2015, pp. 389-380.

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    Nazari Chegini, Alireza; Behrouzi, Nasser; Sheikh Shabani Hashemi, Seyyed Ismail; and Mehrabizadeh the artist, Mahnaz. (2011). The relationship between secure and insecure avoidant attachment styles with depression and life satisfaction with the mediation of optimism and social support in college students. Journal of psychological achievements (educational sciences and psychology). Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, autumn and winter 2013. Fourth period, year 3-19, number 2, pp. 81-100.

    Narimani, Mohammad. Mohseni, Dehghan, Hamidreza, Gholamzadeh, Haniyeh, Safarinia, Majid (2011). Comparison of major factor variables of personality and self-efficacy in gifted and normal students.   Journal of school psychology. The second period. No. 3, pp. 180-164.

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    Yang, Jeffrey; Klesko, Jeanette; Vishar, Marjorie. (2011). Schema therapy, a practical guide for clinical professionals. (fourth edition). Translated by Hassan Hamidpour and Zahra Andoz. Tehran: Arjmand Publications. (Date of publication in original language, no date given).

     

     

    - Boo, J.N. (2010). The relationship between adult attachment and depression as mediated by social support, self-esteem, and optimism. Dissertation in Counseling Psychology: Clinical Psychology, Ball State University.

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