The relationship between parenting methods and personality traits with resilience in adolescence

Dissertation for M.A.

Tension: Educational Psychology

Persian Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between parenting methods and personality traits with resilience in adolescence. The statistical population of the research was female secondary school students of one Khorramabad district in the academic year of 1392-1393. The sample consisted of 200 students who were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling from female high school students in one district of Khorram Abad. Data were collected using Baumrind's parenting style questionnaire (1973), Neo's personality characteristics questionnaire (Costa and McCree, 1992) and Connor-Davidson resilience scale (2003). Research data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression methods. The results showed that 2.8 percent of the changes in the resilience variable are predicted by parenting methods. There is a significant linear relationship between parenting methods and AR flexibility. The t-test for the significance of the regression coefficients showed that among the parenting methods, only the authoritative parenting method has a significant relationship with resilience. The unstandardized regression coefficient b = 0.212, which is significant at the level of less than 0.05. Keywords: parenting methods, personality traits, resilience, adolescence. Introduction: Resilience [1] is one of the normal concepts and constructs of interest and study in positive psychology, and the majority of researches related to resilience have been carried out in the field of developmental psychology (Latar and Chichiti[2], 2000; quoted by Basharat, 2017). Resilience is defined as maintaining health and successful performance and adapting to a threatening context and situation (Garmazi [3], 1993). Resilience is defined as the degree of a person's ability to adapt to adverse conditions, which includes the person's competence, trust in internal forces, acceptance of changes as a positive factor, and spiritual influences (Connor [4], 2003).

According to Cornen [5] (2007), although resilience is partly a personality trait and partly the result of people's environmental experiences, but humans are not victims of their environment or heredity. People can be trained to increase their resilience by learning some skills. One of the structures that has an effect on resilience is family factors and individual differences (Khazaeli, 2016).

The growth of our personality and mental and physical health is related to the ability to communicate, and a poor relationship can affect a person's physical and mental health. Therefore, if there is tension between the members in the family, the child will have problems in finding his identity, establishing favorable relationships with others, dealing with psychological pressures and healthy psychological and behavioral development (Afrooz, 2008), because the family environment is one of the basic factors in the formation of the child's personality and the first seed of the development of individual growth and the foundation of the human personality, and the child in most of his situations is an imitator of his parents and their behavior (Ahadi, 2010). Therefore, many characteristics of the child's personality are influenced by the characteristics of the parents and their parenting style (Lil Abadi, 1375). Adolescence is the most critical period for character building. From a developmental point of view, this period is a period of formation and preparation, and teenagers in this period seek to discover and test their capacities.

According to the stated cases, the present research seeks to examine the relationship of resilience with parenting methods and personality traits during adolescence.

1-2 Statement of the problem

One of the issues raised in positive psychology[6] is resilience. Resilience has a special place in the fields of family psychology and mental health (Campbell-Selis, Kohan and Stein[7], 2006).

Garmzi and Massen[8] (1991) have defined resilience as a process, ability, or outcome of successfully adapting to a threatening situation. In other words, resilience is a factor that helps people to face and adapt to difficult and stressful situations in life (Yazdian, Amiri, Jahrami and Hamidi, 2010), reduces depression (White, Driver and Warren[9], 2010), the ability to adapt to pain (Smith et al[10], 2009) and increases the quality of life (Ranjbar and others, 2010).

Resilience prevents psychological problems among teenagers and young people and protects them against the psychological effects of events.

Resilience prevents psychological problems among teenagers and young people and keeps them safe from the psychological effects of problematic events (Bin Coart[11], 2009).

Many researchers have sought to identify factors that are effective in resilience. It is assumed that there are supportive factors that can explain the response to stressful experiences and chronic disasters (Fraser, Richman and Galensky [12], 1999). Many factors are involved in a person's resilience against problems, including individual factors, family factors (family structure and family support) and social factors (social support) (Lafromois et al. [13], 2006).

The family, as one of the most basic social institutions, has been the first and most important factor in the formation of a child's personality and the foundation of his intellectual values ??and standards, and plays an important role in determining his future destiny. The ways or methods based on which parents raise their children, such as acceptance and rejection, liberation or restriction, and the like, have a great and profound effect on the formation of the child's growth and development in the early years of life and the later characteristics of personality and behavior. Diana Baumrind[14] has divided parenting styles into three categories:

1- Authoritative parenting style[15] 2- Parenting style Authoritarian [16] 3- Permissive parenting style [17]

Authoritarian parenting styles can be very rigid. In this method, there are strict sets of rules and expectations, and in return, pure obedience is required. Authoritative parenting style relies on positive reinforcement and rarely uses punishment. Research shows that this style is the most useful way to raise a child. A permissive parenting style based on tolerance is a popular method of the middle class. There is little tendency to punishment or rules in this style, and children are free from external restrictions (Berke [18], 2007; translated by Seyed Mohammadi, 2010).

Grootberk [19] (2000) believes that parents and caregivers of children can provide conditions to increase the child's resilience. He finds love and affection, expression of opinions, openness and interaction between family members to be effective in resilience. Also, Grill [20] (1993), focusing on family factors affecting resilience, found that children who are resistant to pressure and stress have parents who have dealt with positive educational methods and who are involved in their child's life and provide them with better and more guidance. Based on the choice-differential coping model (Bloger and Zuckerman [21], 1997), the coping strategies used in dealing with tension determine positive and negative consequences, and the type of coping strategies chosen depends on the personality characteristics of people. As a result, since the specific personality characteristics of people encourage the use of different coping strategies, people respond differently to stress (Bartley and Roush [22], 2011).

It seems that families with different educational methods that they apply to their children, as well as people with different personalities, enjoy unequal resistance and tolerance in difficult and risky situations, which affects their mental health. According to the stated topics, the main issue in the current research is whether there is a relationship between parenting methods and personality traits with resilience in adolescence. 1-3 Research Necessity Resilience is a new concept that has attracted the attention of psychologists in recent years, and researchers have introduced several factors, including individual, family and social characteristics, as factors influencing resilience. In the modern science of psychology, a topic that has been clearly realized is the influence of people's personality traits on their lifestyle. This issue affects the way people deal with the issues of the day and produces different behavioral results. This issue can include a kind of stress-free life and full of peace, and it can also provide the basis for creating an unhealthy life. Since people live in families with different styles and have different characteristics, their resilience is affected by how much they cope with unpleasant events. Therefore, both environmental and individual factors affect the adolescent's ability to be resilient.