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  3. Investigating the effectiveness of spiritual intelligence and mindfulness on psychological well-being and life expectancy in cancer patients in Khoram Abad city

Investigating the effectiveness of spiritual intelligence and mindfulness on psychological well-being and life expectancy in cancer patients in Khoram Abad city

Number of pages: 120 File Format: word File Code: 30249
Year: 2016 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Psychology
Tags/Keywords: Cancer patients - life expectancy - mindfulness - psychological - Psychological well-being - Spiritual intelligence
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  • Summary of Investigating the effectiveness of spiritual intelligence and mindfulness on psychological well-being and life expectancy in cancer patients in Khoram Abad city

    Dissertation for Master's Degree in Psychology (M.A)

    Trend: General

    Abstract

    Cancer is one of the chronic diseases that brings a heavy economic, social and psychological burden to the patient, family and society. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of spiritual intelligence and mindfulness training on psychological well-being and life expectancy in cancer patients. The statistical population of this research included all cancer patients in Khorramabad city in 2013 (N=90). The research sample included 60 people with cancer hospitalized in Khorram Abad hospitals, who were selected by random sampling from the statistical population. To collect research data, the demographic profile form, RIF psychological well-being questionnaire, and life expectancy questionnaire were used. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data of this research, and the method of this research was quantitative-survey. The research data showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the two components of spiritual intelligence and mindfulness with a sense of autonomy, personal growth, purposefulness in life and positive relationships with others among cancer patients. Also, the results showed that there is no significant relationship between the two components of spiritual intelligence and mindfulness with self-acceptance and mastery of the environment of cancer patients. Also, the results showed that there is a significant relationship between the two components of spiritual intelligence and mindfulness with life expectancy in cancer patients.

    Keyword: spiritual intelligence, Mindfulness, psychological well-being, life expectancy, cancer patients. 

     

     

    1-1 Introduction

    Cancer has been a known disease for a long time. It is still considered as a deadly disease in people's minds. This disease has exposed its harsh face to public judgment and view for years, and beliefs about its incurability have strengthened. Being diagnosed with cancer and its confirmation after sampling and pathology report brings a great crisis for the patient and his family. This big problem shakes the peace of families and creates worries for them; But is cancer really a deadly and dangerous disease? And does he have such a violent and incurable behavior? In this research, while discussing the cancer disease, the two therapeutic methods of spiritual intelligence and mindfulness and the effect of these two on the psychological well-being and life expectancy of patients are discussed (Tirgani, 2017). Cancer is a disease in which cells lose their ability to divide and grow normally, and this leads to invasion, destruction and decay of healthy tissues (World Health Organization[1], 2007). Childhood cancers consist of 12 malignancies with different etiology and pathology and mortality rate, among them, leukemia and brain tumors are the most common childhood malignancies. If a child is diagnosed with cancer, he should be sent to a cancer treatment center as soon as possible. Considering that only one out of every 10,000 children gets cancer, it is unusual for a doctor to encounter a child with cancer (Hashmi Ghorban Lo, 1379).

    In some cancers, cancer cells have the characteristics of endocrine glands and may cause major depression in patients by secreting steroid substances. Also, harsh treatments such as chemotherapy and the pain caused by them are also effective on the psychological state of patients. It is a fact that people's reaction to a dangerous disease such as cancer and their tolerance for the pain caused by its treatments are different. Also, the methods used to reduce pain in children and adults are significantly different (Tirgani, 2017).

    Among the variables that are problematic in cancer patients[2] is psychological well-being[3]. Rif [4] considers psychological well-being as a person's effort to realize his true potential. This model was formed and expanded through the integration of different theories of personal development (such as Maslow's self-actualization theory and Rogers' whole person) and adaptive functioning (such as Jahoda's theory of positive mental health) (Compton[5], 2001).

    Children with cancer are at a lower level of psychological well-being than normal children due to the pain, fear and physical damage caused by this disease and the treatments they face (Grossman and Nieman [6], 2004). Encountering and experiencing pain in these children for various reasons, including injuries caused by falls, games, scratches, injections of common vaccines, dental care, dialysis, chemotherapy, etc.

    Psychological well-being in Rief et al.'s model consists of six components: The component of self-acceptance means having a positive attitude towards oneself and one's past life. If a person feels satisfied in evaluating his talents, abilities and activities in general and feels satisfied in referring to his past, he will have a favorable psychological function. The autonomy component refers to the feeling of independence, self-sufficiency and freedom from norms. Having a positive relationship with others, another component of this model, means having a quality and satisfying relationship with others. The purposeful component in life means having long-term and short-term goals in life and considering it meaningful. Mastering the environment, another component of this model, means a person's ability to manage life and its requirements. The personal growth component is open to being open to new experiences and having continuous personal growth (Hosser, Springer, & Podrowska [7], 2005). Cooper [8] (2007) reported the prevalence of psychological well-being problems in children with cancer compared to the control group. Abbott and McConkey [9] (2006) have reported psychological problems such as depression, anxiety, social incompatibility, negative emotions in children with cancer.

    Among other variables that are fruitful in increasing the life expectancy of cancer patients, is life expectancy. Robinson [10] (1983) believes that hope is one of the basic foundations of balance and psychological strength that characterizes the achievements of life; That is, the ability to believe that the feeling of a better future, which with its penetrating power, stimulates the activity system so that the system can gain new experiences and create new forces in the organism, and as a result of hope, makes a person to strive and bring him closer to a high level of psychological and behavioral functions, is one of the signs of mental health (Robinson, 1983). The World Health Organization (2007) defines health as the complete physical, mental and social well-being of a person and not just not being sick.

    Different treatment approaches have been widely used in the field of treatment and improving the psychological well-being and life expectancy of cancer patients, one of these approaches is the training of spiritual intelligence, which can be effective in increasing mental health and treating some neurological disorders. Religion as an important issue is often neglected in the lives of people living with cancer. Facing a huge number of health crises may be an opportunity for people with cancer to turn to their religious beliefs and take advantage of the positive consequences in quality of life and better adaptation to the disease (McCromick et al., 2001). Religion is often mentioned as a central issue for people with chronic diseases, and most of the patients with cancer, from their religious aspects, in order to adapt to the disease, spiritual intelligence is one of the new constructs, which means a set of individual capabilities in relation to spiritual resources, which includes an effective type of adaptation and problem-solving behavior (Ghabari Bonab, 2007, Sohrabi, 2008). and the highest level of growth in various cognitive, moral, emotional and interpersonal fields. It includes and helps a person to coordinate with the phenomena around him and achieve internal and external integration (Samadi, 2005). Shabani et al. (2010) also stated based on their research that spiritual intelligence has an effect on mental health.

    Another treatment method that has been implemented on children with cancer in the field of treatment, emotion regulation, normalization of responses, and education about natural psychological reactions, and has had a significant effect on these children, is mindfulness training[11]. Mindfulness therapy training is one of the treatments that can be effective on the psychological well-being of children with cancer. Mindfulness is a non-judgmental and balanced sense of awareness that helps to clearly see and accept emotions and physical phenomena as they occur (Brown and Raine [12], 2003).

  • Contents & References of Investigating the effectiveness of spiritual intelligence and mindfulness on psychological well-being and life expectancy in cancer patients in Khoram Abad city

    List:

    Abstract 1

    Chapter One: Research Overview

    1-1 Introduction. 3

    1-2 statement of the research problem. 3

    1-3 Necessity and importance of research. 7

    1-4 research objectives. 8

    1-4-1 main goal. 8

    1-4-2 Sub-goals. 8

    1-5 research hypotheses. 8

    1-5-1 main hypothesis. 8

    1-5-2 sub-hypotheses. 8

    1-6 Conceptual and operational definitions of variables 9

    1-6-1 Conceptual definitions of variables 9

    1-6-1-1 Cancer. 9

    1-6-1-2 Psychological well-being: 9

    1-6-1-3 Life expectancy: 9

    1-6-1-4 Mindfulness: 9

    1-6-2 Operational definitions of variables 9

    1-6-2-1 Cancer: 9

    1-6-2-2 Well-being Psychological: 10

    1-6-2-3 Life expectancy: 10

    1-6-2-4 Mindfulness: 10

     

     

    Chapter Two: Literature and research background

    2-1 Introduction.. 12

    2-2 First part: Cancer. 12

    2-2-1 Definition of cancer. 12

    2-2-2 origin of cancer. 12

    2-2-3 Cancer in children. 13

    2-2-3-1- supportive care of children with cancer. 15

    2-2-3-2-Psychological compatibility. 16

    2-2-3-3- Chemotherapy. 17

    2-3 Part II: Psychological well-being. 19

    2-3-1 The concept of psychological well-being. 19

    2-3-2 components and elements of psychological well-being. 20

    2-3-2-1 spirituality. 21

    2-3-2-2 life satisfaction. 22

    2-3-2-3 happiness. 23

    2-3-2-4 optimism. 24

    2-3-2-5 significance. 25

    2-3-2-6 Positive relationships with others. 26

    2-3-2-7 sense of coherence or connection. 27

    2-4 The third part: Life expectancy. 27

    2-4-1 The concept of life expectancy. 27

    2-4-2 The theory of dimensions of hope. 28

    2-4-3 theory of hope. 29

    2-4-3-1 theory of stubbornness. 31

    2-4-3-2 theory of happiness. 31

    2-4-3-3 theory of optimism. 32

    2-4-4 life expectancy approaches. 32

    2-4-4-1 Psychological approach to life expectancy. 32

    2-4-4-2 sociological approach. 33

    2-4-4-3 bio-social approach. 35

    2-5 Part IV: Mindfulness. 35

    2-5-1 The concept of mindfulness. 35

    2-5-2 Mindfulness and psychological well-being. 36

    2-5-3 Mindfulness training. 37

    2-6 Part Five: Spiritual Intelligence. 37

    2-6-1 intelligence.. 37

    2-6-2 spirituality. 38

    2-6-3 Spiritual intelligence and its components. 39

    2-6-4 Components of spiritual intelligence in Islam. 43

    2-6-5 Development of spiritual intelligence. 45

    2-6-6 Spiritual intelligence and mental health. 46

    2-6-7 Comparing the spiritual intelligence of other intelligent people. 47

    2-7 research background. 49

    2-7-1 Internal and external research. 49

     

    Chapter Three: Research Methodology

    3-1 Introduction.. 53

    3-2 Research Methodology. 53

    3-3 statistical population. 54

    3-4 sampling method and sample size. 54

    3-5 data collection methods. 54

    3-6 research tools. 55

    3-6-1 Validity of research tools. 55

    3-6-2 Reliability of research tools. 56

    3-7 research implementation method. 57

    3-8 data analysis methods. 57

    Chapter Four: Data Analysis

    4-1 Introduction.. 59

    4-2 Descriptive Statistics. 59

    4-2-1 Frequency distribution of gender of respondents. 59

    2-4-2-2 frequency distribution of respondents' age. 60

    4-3 inferential statistics. 60

    4-3-1 Confirmatory factor analysis of research variables. 60

    4-3-2 Test of the main assumptions of the research. 62

    4-3-2-1 The first main hypothesis. 62

    4-3-2-2 The second main hypothesis. 64

    4-3-2-3 The third main hypothesis. 67

    4-3-2-4 The fourth main hypothesis. 69

    4-3-3 Sub-hypotheses. 72

    4-3-3-1 The first sub-hypothesis. 72

    4-3-3-2 The second sub-hypothesis. 73

    4-3-3-3 The third sub-hypothesis. 74

    4-3-3-4 The fourth sub-hypothesis. 75

    4-3-3-5 The fifth sub-hypothesis. 76

    4-3-3-6 The sixth sub-hypothesis. 77

    4-3-3-7 The seventh sub-hypothesis. 78

    4-3-3-8 The eighth sub-hypothesis. 79

    4-3-3-9 The ninth sub-hypothesis. 80

    4-3-3-10 The tenth sub-hypothesis. 81

    4-3-3-11 The eleventh sub-hypothesis. 82

    4-3-3-12 The twelfth sub-hypothesis. 83

     

     

     

     

    Chapter Five: Conclusion and Suggestions

    5-1 Introduction..85

    5-2 The results and achievements of the research. 85

    5-2-1 The results of the main hypotheses. 85

    5-2-2 Results of sub-hypotheses. 86

    3-5 Conclusion. 89

    5-4 Providing solutions and suggestions. 89

    5-4-1 Practical suggestions. 89

    5-4-2 Research proposals. 89

    5-5 research limitations. 90

    List of sources. 91

    Appendices 98

    Abstract 109

    Source:

    List of sources

    Persian sources

    Ahmedvand, Z; Heydari Nesab, L. and Shoairi, M. (2011). Explaining psychological well-being based on the components of mindfulness. Scientific-research quarterly. Number 2.

    Bashart, Mohammad Ali. (1384). Investigating the effect of emotional intelligence on the quality of social relationships. Psychological studies, 2, 25-38.

    Pimanfar, A; Aliakbari Dehkordi, M. and Mohtashmi, T. (2011). Comparison of loneliness and sense of meaning in the lives of the elderly with different levels of religious attitude. Journal of Psychology and Religion. 5 (4) 52-41. Javaheri, Forozan. (2004).  Investigating the effectiveness of mindfulness training in preventing depression in female students living in the dormitory of Isfahan University. Master's Thesis in Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Rodhan Branch. Autumn and winter

    Hosseinian, goddess; Sudani, Mansour and Mehrabizadeh Artman, Mahnaz. (1388). The effectiveness of group meaning therapy on the life expectancy of cancer patients. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 3(4), pp. 292-287. Khaki, Gholamreza. (2010).  Research method with an approach to thesis writing. Tehran. Rekalash Publications.

    Dostani, Parirukh. (1386). Developmental morbid psychology, from childhood to adulthood. The second volume. Tehran: Samit Publications.

    Danaeifard, Hassan; Elwani, Seyyed Mehdi and Azar, Adel. (1388).  Quantitative research methodology in management: comprehensive approach. Tehran.  Safar, Ishraghi. Rahimipour, M.  Karmi, A. (2013). The mediating role of spiritual intelligence with psychological well-being and life satisfaction in the elderly of Mehriz city (Yazd), scientific-research quarterly of rehabilitation medicine. Third period. Number three. Autumn.

    Sarafino. (2004). Health psychology. Translated by Elaha Mirzai. (1384). The second volume, Tehran: Rushd Publications. Sohrabi, Farmarez. (1385). An introduction to spiritual intelligence. Meaning Quarterly. The specialty of psychology. Number 2.

    Sarmad, Venus;  Bazargan, Abbas and Hejazi, Elaha Marandi. (1385). Research methods in behavioral sciences. Tehran: Aghat Publications.

    Feist, Jess and Feist, Gregory. (2002). Personality theories, translated by Yahya Seyed Mohammadi, Tehran: Rovan Publications.

    Mujtahid Shabestri, Mohammad. (1385). Life purpose and meaning. Conversation with Mohammad Mojtahed Shabastri. Reflection magazine. Number 23

    Mansour, Mahmoud. (1388). Genetic psychology. The second volume. Rushd Publications. Nasri, Sadegh; Brahni, Mohammad Taghi and Kihani, Manouchehr. (1380). Investigating the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral interventions on reducing psychological side effects in cancer patients and improving coping methods. Journal of Psychological Research. Period 6. Number 3.

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    Latin sources:

    -Arch, J. J.; Craske, M. G. (2006), "Mechanisms of mindfulness: Emotion regulation following a focused breathing induction", Behavior Research Therapy, 44, 1849-1858.

    Amram, Joseph (Yosi), 2005, Intelligence Beyond IQ: The contribution of emotional and spiritual intelligences to effective business leadership, Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Ayas M, Al-Seraihi A, Al-Mahr M. (2006). The outcome of children with AML. Ped Cancer; 19:23-35 Argyle, M. & Hills, P. (2000). Religious experience and their relationship with happiness and personality. The international journal for the psychology of religion

    Augusto Landa, J.M., Lopez-Zafra, E. (2006). Martinez de Antonana, R., and Pulido, M. Perceived

    Aryana-ki TBuxcHu & SHB. (2009). Life Satisfaction of Thai Religious Women. Sam louis university (Private) Bonifacio Street, Baguio city DECS-CAR

    Abdolahi F, Mohammadpour A. (2004). investigation of the quality of preceding elderly life at home and elderly home in savitown. second national congress of family.

    Brown, K. W.; Ryan, R. M. (2004).

Investigating the effectiveness of spiritual intelligence and mindfulness on psychological well-being and life expectancy in cancer patients in Khoram Abad city
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