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  3. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy on reducing feelings of loneliness and increasing general self-efficacy of patients with major depression

Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy on reducing feelings of loneliness and increasing general self-efficacy of patients with major depression

Number of pages: 146 File Format: word File Code: 30188
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Psychology
Tags/Keywords: feeling lonely - General self-efficacy - Loneliness - major depression - self-efficacy
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  • Summary of Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy on reducing feelings of loneliness and increasing general self-efficacy of patients with major depression

    Dissertation:

    To receive a master's degree in clinical psychology

    Abstract

    Depression is a well-known term but a challenging issue in the field of mental health. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on the feeling of loneliness and general self-efficacy of patients with major depression. The statistical population included all patients suffering from major depression who visited the treatment and counseling centers and clinics of Masal city in the second half of 2013. The statistical sample of the research included two groups of 15 people (15 people in the experimental group and 15 people in the control group) who were selected voluntarily and in a targeted way and randomly replaced in the two experimental and control groups. To collect data, the general self-efficacy scale (GSE-10 and Loneliness Questionnaire (Dahshiri, 2017) was used. Multivariate and univariate covariance analysis tests were used to analyze the data of this research. The findings of the present study showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy in a group manner is effective in increasing general self-efficacy and also reducing the loneliness of patients with major depression (P<0.05). Considering the high prevalence and life and financial costs of major depressive disorder, this finding that cognitive-behavioral therapy in a group way improves people suffering from major depression by increasing general self-efficacy and reducing the feeling of loneliness, it can be used by therapists and counselors in this group of patients.

    Key words: major depression, general self-efficacy, loneliness

    Introduction

    The fact is that depression is a common disease of our time and this disease is not only in Iranian society but also in different countries of the world. Although depression is a common and annoying disorder in the society, it is still known as an unfavorable label among people. For this reason, sometimes people tend to deny the feeling of depression or attribute it only to environmental stressors. Depressive disorder with a wide prevalence of about 5-12% in men and 10-25% in women has been considered as a mental cold for many years (Saduk and Saduk [1], 2007, p. 97). Meanwhile, the available statistics indicate an increasing number of people suffering from this disease. In the etiology of this disorder, several factors have been mentioned, including biological factors, heredity, and psychological and social factors. According to the etiology of this disorder, various treatment methods have been proposed. Because depression, if not treated, becomes a debilitating and chronic disease that wastes the best part of a person's life. But in the case of timely and correct treatment, its consequences can be avoided. One of these approaches; It is a cognitive-behavioral therapy that was proposed since the 1970s to treat all types of depressed patients, and its usefulness has been confirmed in some researches (quoted by Ranjbar et al., 2019, p. 300).  

    Most experts believe that due to the high prevalence of depression disorder, individual psychotherapy cannot be the answer to this problem (Mehrabi et al., 2013, p. 7). Therefore, cognitive-behavioral group therapy, which is more economical in terms of cost and duration of treatment, has become a suitable alternative in individual psychotherapy. Also, group therapy has been proven to be effective in most mental disorders. This is because the person in the group sees how he deals with the community and this causes his insight and insight to grow. While learning new experiences to communicate with others, and meeting new people, he feels strong and his self-confidence increases (Azimi et al., 2012, p. 54).

         In this regard, several cognitive components, including feelings of loneliness and general efficacy, have been proposed to explain major depressive disorder. According to researchers, depressed people feel lonely and miss most of the social communication opportunities due to lack of inclination towards specific activities (Diorio, 2003; translated by Najarian, 2011). Also, due to their low self-efficacy, their level of effort and activity as well as their success is overshadowed (Maybak and Murphy, 1995; quoted by Saeed et al., 2013, p. 18).It seems that in the process of cognitive-behavioral group therapy, the feeling of loneliness of depressed people is alleviated, which is indicative of deficiencies and deficiencies in establishing emotional and social bonds in them. And general self-efficacy, which is actually the confidence that a person feels about performing a certain activity, increases in these patients. Statement of the problem: Today, depression is a well-known word but a challenging issue in the field of mental health. Depressive disorder [2]; It is one of the most common and debilitating psychiatric disorders (Byling et al. [3], 2006; translated by Khodayari Fard and Abedini, 2019, p. 303) which, if not treated, causes psychological damage and many social and economic complications for such patients. One of the main symptoms of depression is depressed mood and lack of interest and pleasure. Among the types of depression, major depressive disorder[4] is one of the most common types of depression, which is characterized by one or more episodes of depression. Compared to other medical diseases and mental disorders, major depression is the fourth cause of death of people with the disease, and it is expected to be the second cause of this problem in 2020 (Moray and Lopez, 1997). The report of the World Health Organization [5] also indicates an increase in the prevalence of depression among developing nations (quoted by Akbari, 2007, p. 212). On the other hand, people with major depressive disorder are dealing with many issues and problems. Lack of pleasure, social isolation, low self-esteem, inability to concentrate, changes in biological functions such as sleep and appetite, and physical complaints are among the things observed in depressive disorder (Kaplan, Sadok; translated by Farzin Rezaei, 1389, p. 87).

    Despite the many problems that people with depressive disorder are dealing with, fortunately, in recent years, various treatment methods have been used to treat and improve major depression. In particular, there is growing evidence that shows the effectiveness of the cognitive-behavioral therapy group method in improving psychiatric disorders, including depression. In the cognitive-behavioral group method, placing a person in a group increases the patient's awareness about himself, as a result of interacting with other members and receiving feedback from them, and also helps to improve interpersonal and social skills and adaptation of people to the environment (Spira and Reed [6], 2000).

    They consider the influence of a person's beliefs and thoughts to be important in creating a variety of psychological problems. They believe that most disorders, including depression, arise from faulty cognitions, meaning that events themselves do not determine our feelings, but rather the meanings we attribute to them. Regarding the effectiveness of depression treatment, in a meta-analytical study, by comparing the cognitive-behavioral therapy method and other treatments, it was shown that despite the advantage of drug therapy in terms of lower cost and faster response to physical and mood symptoms, cognitive-behavioral therapy leaves a deeper impact on the patient's personality structure and cognitive and emotional processing system (Solati Dehkordi, 2011, p. 491). There are many emotions, thoughts, and physical performance that are associated with different degrees of various feelings, including the feeling of loneliness [7] (Feridoni et al., 2011, p. 99). feeling alone; It is a mental and disturbing experience that speaks of shortcomings and deficiencies in interpersonal emotional and social bonds. It is very difficult to overcome the feeling of loneliness without having constant and regular contact with others. Lonely people miss most of the opportunities for social communication, because they do not have a tendency to do this (Diorio [8], 2003; quoted by Abedini Nasab, 2013). The feeling of loneliness arises when there are many inconsistencies between the existing social relationships of the person. Researchers have identified two types of loneliness: social loneliness[9], which is the result of not being a member of a group and not having common activities with others, and emotional loneliness[10], which is the result of being distanced and rejected by others. Although social and emotional loneliness originate from different needs, lonely people; Whether their loneliness is social or emotional, they suffer from low self-esteem and are often unhappy and depressed (Kolnikeh[11]; translated by Shahram Mohammad Khani, 2011, p. 178).

  • Contents & References of Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy on reducing feelings of loneliness and increasing general self-efficacy of patients with major depression

    List:

    Table of Contents

    Research Abstract..

    Chapter One (Research Overview)

    Introduction.. 2

    Problem Statement.. 3

    Importance and Necessity of Research.. 6

    Research Objectives.. 8

    Research Hypotheses.. 9

    Variables Research.. 9

    Conceptual and operational definitions.. 9

    Conceptual definitions of variables.. 9

    Operational definitions of variables.. 10

    Chapter two (literature and research background)

    Preface.. 13

    Depression disorder.. 13

    Definition of depression.. 18

    Types of depression.. 20

    Theories of depression.. 25

    Gender and depression.. 32

    Individual differences and depression.. 34

    The impact of depression on life dimensions.. 34

    Symptoms of major depression.. 36

    Causes of depression.. 39

    Characteristics and diagnostic dimensions of depressive disorder. 43

    Treatment of depression.. 43

    Psychotherapy.. 44

    Psychotherapy from different perspectives.. 47

    Drug therapy.. 48

    Shock therapy.. 50

    Cognitive therapy.. 50

    Cognitive-behavioral therapy.. 51

    Processes of cognitive-behavioral therapy.. 56

    Strategies and techniques of cognitive-behavioral approach.. 61

    Teaching positivity.. 66

    Feeling alone.. 67

    Etiology of feeling alone.. 70

    Feeling alone in neurotic diseases.. 72

    Self-efficacy.. 74

    The effect of self-efficacy on health.. 76

    Factors related to the feeling of efficiency.. 78

    Research background.. 79

    Researches conducted inside the country.. 79

    Researches conducted abroad. 82

    The third chapter (methodology)

    Research method.. 87

    Statistical population, sample size and sampling method. 87

    Measurement tools.. 87

    Research implementation method.. 89

    Data analysis methods.. 89

    Summary of treatment protocol.. 89

    Chapter four (data analysis)

    Introduction.. 94

    Descriptive and demographic findings.. 95

    Analysis of research findings.. 100

    Chapter five (discussion and conclusion)

    Introduction.. 109

    Discussion and conclusion.. 111

    Limitations.. 117

    Applicable suggestions.. 118

    Research suggestions.. 118

    Persian sources.. 120

    English sources.. 124

    Appendices.. 127

    English summary.. 138

    Source:

    Persian sources

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Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy on reducing feelings of loneliness and increasing general self-efficacy of patients with major depression
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