Master thesis in the field of Persian language and literature
Abstract
"Karma" is the law of action and reaction, the law of radiation and its reflection, the Eastern Sanskrit word that we have defined in detail in the first chapter. Our presupposition was that this law, considering its various aspects and its various applications, should exist widely in Masnavi and Hadiqah; We also expected that karma is more than Hadiqa in Masnavi.
By presenting numerous examples, we found that karma can be clearly identified and examined in both works.
We found that in the spiritual Masnavi, both in the form of stories and anecdotes and in the form of verses separately, we come across the law of karma abundantly.
This law is so present in the Masnavi that as a result We have stated that with masamaha, the Masnavi can be considered as the whole of the law of action and reaction. But it can be examined and analyzed, which we have discussed.
The etymology of the law of karma in various religions, especially the religions of East Asia, was also examined and examples of their influence on our literature were presented. Hindu, Buddhist, and Vesik sages are actions that are transferred from one life to another through reincarnation. The goal of believers is to free themselves from the cycle of rebirth and achieve union with God or Nirvana. According to Hindu and Sikh scholars, all personal actions, intentional and unintentional, are transferred in reincarnation and determine a better or worse fate for it. In Buddhism, karma is only affected by intentional actions and creates tendencies that are transferred from one birth to another in the cycle of samsara.
Karma, one of the four basic principles of Hindu religions, which we discussed in detail in the first chapter. We have pointed out and shown that karma in its broadest sense includes reincarnation and to get rid of the cycle of reincarnation and samsara, one must reach nirvana and choose annihilation. So that the foundation of many of their religious concepts is in this direction. Briefly, some Asian religions such as Hindu, Buddhist, Sikh, etc. We have mentioned and analyzed karma in them.
After analyzing karma, we examined this universal law in Masnavi and then in Hadeeqa. According to our presupposition, karma in the Masnavi was very visible and analyzed; Either in the verses separately or in many anecdotes implicitly and generally.
In the Sana'i garden, there were also verses that showed karma; But compared to Masnavi, much less.
The course of karmic thought and the influence of Asian religions in Persian literature was also briefly examined. The reason for this work is the abundance and volume of this thought in Masnavi compared to Hadeeghah, which left a lot of work for the author; Of course, we preferred to examine the Masnavi before the Hadeeqa, but in the final chapter and the conclusion, we have respected the time and precedence of the Sana'i.
May the writer's efforts in this chapter be a light on the path of his knowledge and humanity, and it is hoped that God alone will grant our knowledge and efforts what we need on its way.
In this chapter, we must first define karma in some dictionaries and encyclopedias. let's pay; But before that, I must point out that the word Karma does not exist in many dictionaries and religious books have only briefly discussed this word and its meaning. Due to the connection and harmony of the law of karma in general, with reincarnation, the meanings of this word will be given.
Karma: Sanskrit means "action"; Hindu, Buddhist, and Vesik sages are actions that are transferred from one life to another through reincarnation. The goal of believers is to free themselves from the cycle of rebirth and achieve union with God or Nirvana. According to Hindu and Sikh scholars, all personal actions, intentional and unintentional, are transferred in reincarnation and determine a better or worse destiny for him.In the Buddhist religion, karma is only affected by intentional actions and creates tendencies that are transferred from one birth to another in the cycle of samsara. A permanent and fixed personality is not imagined, because Buddhists believe in a separate and independent soul or soul that can be transferred from one life to another. He calls this belief "anatha" which means "lack of self"; Upon reaching Nirvana, karma disappears (Danesh Gostar Encyclopedia, Vol. 12: Introduction to Karma).
Reincarnation: (or: Incarnation: Solving) Belief in the possibility of the plant or animal soul and human soul returning to one's own or another body after death to live again. The idea of ??reincarnation is found in the philosophy of Pythagoras or Plato and in the religions of ancient Egypt, Buddhism, Hinduism, China, Sikhism, and among some Christian heretics such as Cathars and Theosophy. In the Hindu tradition, the concept of reincarnation is the transition of an individual's soul from birth to the highest level to reach the stage of liberation or Meshka. In Indian thought, self reliance on the body is not more than the clothes one wears or the house one lives in; Elevation of the soul to the level of a human being occurs by itself, but after entering the human body, it gains self-awareness and its development takes a different form and involves free will and effort. At the beginning of entering the body, Jiva (soul) wants physical pleasures and its own special conditions. If it tends to brutality and brutality, it may return to the animal body again in the next life, because it will repeat the other social achievements, wealth, power and fame. After this stage of Yodum also seemed trivial in his eyes, he accepted more responsibilities in the society and reached the life of his fellow Romans. This third stage must also go through its course until the fourth stage, which is liberation from reincarnation. The regeneration of the soul or human soul or jiva takes place according to its karma. Buddhists also believe in karma; But since they do not recognize the soul or spirit as distinct and separate, which can be transferred from one life to another, they do not take regeneration to mean its dissolution. This is like the freedom of a person or nirvana. Western thought In the West, belief in reincarnation was common until the 4th century AD, but it apparently had no religious basis and was mostly found in philosophical or mystical schools. The concept of reincarnation is not compatible with the main body of Christian theology. Islam is also officially against reincarnation, but some Islamic sects or sects attributed to Islam, whether mystical or non-mystical, are related to reincarnation in some way, which has nothing to do with true Islam. Philosophers consider the soul to belong to another form in four ways: the second form is either a human body or an animal or a plant or an inanimate object. According to whether the soul belongs to the body or sub-body of the first, or superior, reincarnation is called downward or upward; Also, if the soul belongs to another form in an orderly process, the way of reincarnation is connection, and if it is not in order, it is disconnection. Attainment of these types is either in the material world or in the kingdom. In this 32 division, which, including other divisions, exceeds a hundred types, there are some false and some true ones.
On the one hand, due to the analysis and lack of analysis due to divine grace and the necessity of the soul being suspended during the transfer to another body, and on the other hand, due to the rational analysis of the inherent belonging of the soul to the body, there is no place to accept reincarnation.
Nirvana: in Sanskrit, it means annihilation. In the religious philosophy of India, a kind of sublime state free from suffering and devoid of individual tangible existence, the ultimate goal of religion, whose identity is often identified with Buddhism, this word is derived from the present meaning to cool down or extinguish, like extinguishing a candle, the meaning hidden in this word is that the flames of lust, hatred and ignorance are extinguished only in the state of Nirvana, and upon reaching Nirvana, the endless cycle of reincarnation stops. It has been going on, some scholars believe that Nirvana is complete annihilation, while others interpret it as a promise of eternal bliss. Both of these ideas are problematic; Because Nirvana is basically indescribable and can only be known directly and intuitively. Mahayana Buddhists in East Asia interpret nirvana as an external goal, but rather related to the depth of a person's existence, which only needs to be known. They talk about Nirvana with terms such as Buddhism, becoming like this, and becoming broken.