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  3. Examining the drought and providing solutions in order to minimize the damage caused by it on the water management of Gilan province

Examining the drought and providing solutions in order to minimize the damage caused by it on the water management of Gilan province

Number of pages: 82 File Format: word File Code: 30127
Year: Not Specified University Degree: Master's degree Category: Geography - Urban Planning
Tags/Keywords: Consumption pattern - drought - dryness - Dryness and drought - Guilan - Irrigation management - Limited water resources
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  • Summary of Examining the drought and providing solutions in order to minimize the damage caused by it on the water management of Gilan province

    Academic Thesis for Master's Degree

    Field:

    Climate Application in Environmental Planning

    Abstract

    Since the beginning of history, drought has been a part of climate change in our environment. The lack of water on one hand and the indiscriminate and wrong use of water resources on the other hand are a serious threat to the environment and water resources in a country like Iran, which is one of the dry and semi-arid regions of the world. Considering that it has already affected the northern regions of the country. The state of rainfall and the limitation of water resources and the climatic conditions of the country show the fact that there should be a plan for the phenomenon of drought and seriously deal with its effects and consequences when it occurs. In addition to this, the need to increase the efficiency of water use in agriculture, to modify the pattern of consumption and irrigation management, and to pay attention to water exploitation should be considered. Both drought and drought are the result of mutual effects between the natural environment and society. The phenomenon of drought expresses the various effects of the environment on living organisms, organisms, micro-organisms, animals and humans, while drought has a general meaning and is not used for the elements of the environment.

    Attention to proper management and reducing the consequences of drought in the development of regions requires planning and implementing preventive measures to deal with the phenomenon of drought, which itself requires the use of sufficient knowledge in predicting drought.

    Key words: consumption pattern, Irrigation management, limitation of water resources, drought and drought, Gilan

    - Introduction

    A look at the history of life on the planet indicates that mankind has always been exposed to various natural disasters. Part of these disasters are related to climatic factors and fluctuations, such as droughts that occurred in different ancient times and left fatal effects. On the one hand, water is the cause of floods, and as a result, there is a lot of destruction and financial and human losses, and on the other hand, its lack (drought) causes destruction and fundamental changes in ecosystems. Paying attention to the problem of preventing and reducing the consequences of drought in the development of regions requires planning and implementing preventive measures, which itself requires the use of sufficient knowledge in predicting drought. This phenomenon is considered one of the biggest natural disasters in terms of the extent, intensity, duration and extent of damage to various economic and social sectors, which causes billions of dollars of damage to various economic and social sectors of societies, especially the agricultural sector.

    Since our country has been facing drought in recent years, research on the simultaneous and accurate monitoring of the dynamic conditions of drought is important to reduce the destructive effects of these climatic disasters. In drought monitoring studies, in other words, a simple evaluation of three characteristics of drought, namely intensity, continuity, spatial extent, as well as comparing drought from one region to another region at different times requires the use of drought index. Various indexes have been presented by researchers to monitor drought (Joanmard et al., 2017). Of course, if these natural phenomena are properly dealt with, in many cases it is possible to avoid turning them into disasters or to reduce and minimize their damages. The new management methods of reducing atmospheric disasters are more than relying on facilities and hardware equipment, they are based on the formulation of policies, programs, organizations and various institutions to reduce the effects and also compensate the damages. The following items can be listed: identifying and locating disasters, predicting disasters before they occur, managing to reduce the effects of disasters, using insurance to reduce losses, guiding people and business owners to the direction where they can manage their personal areas when an accident occurs, disaster monitoring and surveillance, advance awareness and public information, advertising and public education as much as possible for people's awareness.

    Drought as a natural risk is one of the inevitable phenomena that has been occurring and occurring frequently in a wide area of ??different countries, especially countries located in hot and dry areas. Drought crisis is one of the extreme anomalies that has adverse effects on plants, animals and ecological environments and ultimately on humans. Due to being located in the geographical dry belt and desert strip located at 25 to 40 degrees north latitude, the country of Iran has a dry climate that is considered one of the low rainfall areas of the world and its rainfall is less than one third of the average rainfall in the world. Since Iran is located in arid and semi-arid regions of the earth, more than 90% of its climate is dry and semi-arid. If the Zagros and Alborz mountain ranges did not exist and Iran was not enclosed between the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf, our country would become a completely dry and waterless region of the world. In addition to the fact that our country lacks water, rainfall is also irregular. The average rainfall in Iran is 248 milliliters per year. This amount is one third of the average rainfall in the world (831 milliliters). In total, the amount of surface flows in the country has decreased by 46% compared to the long-term average, which is a very high number and this indicates a hydrological drought in Iran. According to UN experts, if a drought occurs in Iran, it will become a human disaster, and now the alarm bells have been sounded in most provinces of Iran for drought. The context of the water shortage crisis says: the problem of water shortage in the country is a national crisis and the increase in population and the migration of villagers to the cities adds to this crisis.

    This process of migration causes a decrease in agricultural production and worse, an increase in the urban population and a corresponding increase in urban water consumption.

    In this dissertation, an attempt has been made to examine the drought and to examine the solutions that contribute to minimizing the damage caused to the province's water management.

    1-3- The main research question (research problem)

    Is Gilan facing drought?

    Is the occurrence of drought in Gilan related to water resources management?

    1-4- Research objectives

    Knowing the type of droughts and their types and dealing with the problem

    Providing an appropriate scientific method to combat Recent droughts

    Drought relationship with water management

    1-5- Hypothesis

    It seems that Gilan has been facing drought in recent years.

    It seems that the type of water management has aggravated the drought in Gilan in recent years.

    1-6- Application objective

    Provincial Water and Electricity Organization, Jihad Agriculture Department, Resources Organization Natural.

    1-7- The aspect of innovation

    This research is presented for the first time with the above topic.

    1-8- Limitations of the research

    Given that this topic is being worked on for the first time; Due to the lack of sufficient information and the lack of help from the water management organization and other institutions, it has been tried to collect and prepare the best items that are related to this title. Important points in the definition of drought: The amount and intensity of rainfall or its lack should be specified in the definition. It is determined as a reference point for determining the time of drought.

    Meteorological drought definitions should be considered on a case-by-case basis for each specific region because atmospheric conditions cause a lack of precipitation, and it changes drastically from one region to another (Abdollahi et al., 2007). For example, some definitions of meteorological drought represent periods of drought based on the number of days with precipitation less than a certain threshold. This index is only suitable for areas that have periodic rainfall regimes, such as tropical forests, subtropical temperate climates, and humid mid-latitude climates. Areas such as Manaus (Brazil), New Orleans, Louisiana (USA) and London (England) are examples of these areas. But in other climatic regions of the world, such as the central regions of America, northeastern Brazil, western Africa, and northern Australia, the pattern of rainfall is seasonal. Long periods without rain are common in areas such as Obaha, Nebraska (USA), Fortaleza, Sear (Brazil) and Darwin (Australia).

  • Contents & References of Examining the drought and providing solutions in order to minimize the damage caused by it on the water management of Gilan province

    List:

    Table of Contents

    Title    .. Page

    Abstract     1

    Chapter One: General Research. 2

    1-1- Introduction. 3

    1-2- statement of the problem. 4

    1-3- Main research question (research problem) 6

    1-4- Research objectives. 6

    1-5- hypothesis. 6

    1-6- Functional purpose. 6

    1-7- The aspect of innovation. 6

    1-8- research limitations. 6

    Chapter Two: Review of sources. 7

    2-1- Important points in defining drought. 8

    2-2- Definitions of drought. 9

    2-3- Conceptual definition of drought. 11

    2-4- The practical definition of drought. 12

    2-5- types of drought. 12

    2-5-1- Meteorological drought. 13

    2-5-3- Hydrological drought. 15

    2-5-4- Socio-economic drought. 16

    2-6- Consequences of drought effects. 16

    2-7- Intensity and extent of drought. 17

    2-8- Drought considerations in relation to Iran. 18

    2-9- The difference between dryness and drought. 19

    2-10- Research records. 19

    Chapter three: Method of conducting research. 25

    3-1- Work method. 26

    3-1-1- Type of research method. 26

    3-1-2- Information gathering method (field, library, etc.) 26

    3-1-3- Information gathering tool. 26

    3-1-4- Information analysis method. 26

    3-2- Geographical location of the studied area. 26

    Chapter Four: Analysis of data and research findings. 29

    4-1- History of the drought phenomenon in Europe 46

    4-2- Analysis of the drought phenomenon. 47

    4-3- Different indicators to measure the effects of drought. 47

    4-4- Pillars of water resource management. 48

    4-5- Strategies in the field of water resource management in drought conditions. 51

    4-6- Barriers to efficient planning for drought. 52

    4-7- Main solutions in water management. 55

    4-8- The main framework for planning. 58

    4-9- Water resources of Gilan province. 58

    4-10- Exploitation of water resources of the province. 59

    4-11- Water issues of the province. 61

    4-12- Compilation of water resources management plan of Gilan province. 62

    4-13- Water consumption management. 62

    4-14- Important points in solving the water crisis. 62

    4-15- The correct methods of drought management in the agricultural sector of Gilan province. 64

    4-16- Long-term measures of sustainable agriculture at the province level. 64

    4-17- Coping with the limitation of water resources in Gilan province. 64

    Chapter five: discussion, conclusions and suggestions. 67

    5-1- Discussion. 68

    5-2- Conclusion. 68

    5-3- hypothesis test. 70

    5-4- Suggestions. 70

    Resources 72

    List of tables

    Title .. page

    Table No. 4-1: Water resources of Gilan province (in million cubic meters) 59

    Table No. 4-2: The cultivated area of ??the province and its comparison with the country and the possibility of development. 60

    Table No. 4-3: Number of subscribers and amount of water consumption in Gilan province (figures in cubic meters) 61

    Table No. 4-4: Factors and variables related to issues and limitations of water resources. 65

    Table No. 4-5: Collection and analysis of information for drought management. 66

     

     

     

    List of figures

    Title   .. Page

    Figure 1- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of the Chobar River at the hydrometric station of Bala Mahaleh. 31

    Figure 2- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of the Lemir River at the Gurban Ali Mohalla hydrometric station. 31

    Figure 3- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of Chalvand River at Khan Ghayani hydrometric station. 32

    Figure 4- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of Haweik River at Safar Mahaleh hydrometric station. 32

    Figure 5- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of the Shirabad River at the hydrometric station of Ustaqasem neighborhood. 33

    Figure 6- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of Navroud River at Kharjgil Aslam hydrometric station. 33

    Figure 7- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of Kerganrud River at Mashin Khaneh hydrometric station. 34

    Figure 8- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of Khalesara River at Kale Sera hydrometric station 34

    Figure 9- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of Shafarood River at Punel hydrometric station. 35

    Figure 10- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of the river35

    Figure 10- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of Behambar River at Aghamohle hydrometric station. 35

    Figure 11- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of the Chafrood River at Robarsera hydrometric station 36

    Figure 12- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of Marghak River at Katmjan hydrometric station. 36

    Figure 13- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of the Khalkai River at the Taskoh hydrometric station 37

    Figure 14- Changes in annual water level and the 5-year moving average of the Kelser River at the Kelser hydrometric station. 37

    Figure 15- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of the Masoleh River in Chumstaghal hydrometric station. 38

    Figure 16- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of Masuleh Rudkhan River at Kamadel hydrometric station. 38

    Figure 17- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of Shakhers River at Laxar hydrometric station. 39

    Figure 18- Annual water level changes and 5-year moving average of Gesht Rudkhan River at Pirsera hydrometric station 39

    Figure 19- Annual water level changes and 5-year moving average of Masuleh River Rodkhan at Nokhale hydrometric station. 40

    Figure 20- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of Siahroud River at the organization's bridge hydrometry station. 40

    Figure 21- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of Sefidroud River at Astana Bridge hydrometric station. 41

    Figure 22- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of the Zhalaki River at Shahr-Bijar hydrometric station. 41

    Figure 23- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of the Sefidroud River at the Roodbar road hydrometric station. 42

    Figure 24- Annual water changes and 5-year moving average of Tutkaben river at Tutkaben hydrometric station. 42

    Figure 25- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of Shalmanrud River at Kalchal hydrometric station. 43

    Figure 26- Annual water changes and 5-year moving average of Shalmanrud river at Shalman hydrometric station. 43

    Figure 27- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of Shamrod River at Totki hydrometric station. 44

    Figure 28- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of Pelrod River at Darazlat hydrometric station. 44

    - Figure 29- Changes in annual water level and 5-year moving average of Samoosh River at Heratbar hydrometric station. 45

    Resources

    Ahmedpour, Houri, Mohammad Reza Khaledian, Afshin Ashrafzadeh and Mojtabi Rezaei, Zoning of salinity of groundwater in Gilan province from 1382 to 1385, Third National Conference on Comprehensive Water Resources Management, September 1391, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. and Ashrafzadeh A., 2018, investigating the performance of urban flood drainage system using computer simulation (case study: Masal city), the first national conference on urban flood management, Tarbiat Modares University.

    -, Fazl Oli, R., Shahnazari A. and Ashrafzadeh A., 2019, investigating the adequacy of the drainage network of Masal city and providing solutions for its improvement using MIKESWMM software, Iranian Water Research Journal, in print.

    Arzomandamidi Langroudi, Masoumeh, Sohaila Abolqasemi Moghadam, Afshin Ashrafzadeh and Majid Tazefi Dost, 2013, Drought zoning in the catchment area of ??Lake Urmia using standardized rainfall index, 3rd National Conference on Comprehensive Water Resources Management, September 2011, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 2018, the possibility of predicting the effects of water salinity on the yield of high-yielding rice cultivars, the 12th conference of Iran's Irrigation and Drainage Committee.

    Esmaili Varki, Mehdi, Jhaleh Sheikhul-Islami and Afshin Ashrafzadeh, the study of the effect of large floods on the morphological changes of rivers and the zoning of areas subject to destruction, case study: Chabekrod River in Gilan province, the first national conference on passive defense in the Caspian Sea basin, December 1390, Gilan University.

    Ashrafzadeh, A., 1384, Introduction to Numerical Methods for Solving Differential Equations, Modeling Workshop in Irrigation and Drainage, National Irrigation and Drainage Committee of Iran.

    -, Khalki M., 1384, Development and Application of a Nonparametric Model to Simulate River Flow, Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 36, Number 4, Pages 999-991.

Examining the drought and providing solutions in order to minimize the damage caused by it on the water management of Gilan province
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