The causes of the underdevelopment of the studied rural areas of Margon district in Boyer Ahmad city

Master's Thesis of Rural Development

The causes of underdevelopment of rural areas:

The case study of Margon section in Boyer Ahmad city

Abstract

The goal is the development, growth and all-round excellence of human societies. Therefore, in the development planning process, recognition and understanding of the conditions and requirements of human societies and their needs in different dimensions are considered essential measures. On the other hand, considering that the infrastructure and basis of every country is the village and the rural population, to improve the quality of life and livelihood of this population, special strategies should be adopted according to their climatic and cultural-social conditions. Therefore, in order to achieve rural development, the existing facilities, bottlenecks, and capacities of each village must first be determined, and based on that, detailed planning should be done for each village or groups of villages. In other words, by finding out the causes of the underdevelopment of villages, you can plan properly to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the causes of underdevelopment of the rural areas of Margun district in Boyar Ahmad city. For this purpose, two quantitative and qualitative approaches were used. In the quantitative part, the determination and separation of developed and undeveloped villages was discussed through stratification. Gutman's scalogram method was used for this part of the research. The results of the scalogram showed that the villages of Darsaha, Bidak, Baghcheh, Retin, Nesemorgham, Derbid, York Alia, Zirna, Kalvar, Balroud, Moushmi Alia, Ghormorde, Lehfarrukh Moushmi, Serchal, Taxisehsafli, and Saqave Castle were placed in the fifth level of development and in the first level of planning priority. Jobriz, Shahniz and Moshmisfli were also in the first level of development and in the fifth level of planning priority. In this way, the villages of the fifth level are placed in the group of the most underdeveloped villages and in the first level in terms of the priority of development planning, which should receive more attention. Also, the villages of the first level of development (Jobriz, Shahniz, Mushmi Sefli) were in the best condition. Considering that most of the villages (17 out of 47 villages) were located in the fifth level of development, it can be concluded that the villages of this sector are very underdeveloped. Also, in this research, the causes of the underdevelopment of the villages of Margun sector were also investigated. In order to collect data in this part, a questionnaire was used, and in order to analyze them, factor analysis and comparison of averages were used. In this context, KMO test and Bartlett's statistic were used to measure the internal consistency of the data using the factor analysis technique. The calculations showed that the internal consistency of the data was significant at the 1% level for using the appropriate factor analysis technique (KMO equal to 0.712) and the Bartlett statistic. In this study, according to Keyser's criteria, ten factors with a specific value higher than one were extracted, which were named as managerial, social, economic, attitudinal, infrastructure, satisfaction, individual, cooperative, ethical, and financial and credit. These factors explain 73.21% of the total variance of the factors. Also, the findings extracted from the comparison of the averages between these factors in two groups of developed and undeveloped villages showed that there is a significant difference between the averages of social, financial and credit, cooperative, infrastructure, moral and individual factors between the two groups. Also, to determine the importance of each of these factors in the separation of the two groups, the detection function was used, and the construction, financial and credit, and partnership factors were the most important in the separation of the two groups. In the qualitative part, fundamental theory was used in the investigation and analysis of the causes of rural underdevelopment in the Margun section of Boyer Ahmad city. The results indicate that the factors of rural underdevelopment are caused by three groups: the government, the village people themselves, as well as issues related to the village environment, and finally, these factors were divided into five social, economic, environmental, cultural, and political and administrative groups according to the central coding classifications.According to the presented model as well as the central coding, the factors of underdevelopment related to the government include the lack of allocation of necessary funds and credits to villages, the establishment of similar laws for cities and villages, arbitrary management, relationship at the level of departments, partial measures in dealing with villages, failure to follow the developed programs, injustice of the central government and lack of follow-up by provincial officials, lack of faith in villages, administrative corruption, political conflicts, non-provision of facilities and strict rules for obtaining facilities, inattention of officials. The low powers of the village management, and the factors related to the village people included the lack of knowledgeable and knowledgeable management, lack of cooperation with the village management and government institutions, lack of awareness of their rights, lack of follow-up of people, migration, clan differences, in the environmental and natural dimension, the limitation of agricultural land, lack of agricultural water, the location of villages in the highlands, the way the village was established, the unevenness of the village and agricultural land. According to the results, in the end, it is suggested that the provision of the required services and facilities and the provision of services based on the hierarchical system of rural settlements should be considered. It is also recommended to carry out expert studies to organize scattered villages, especially sparsely populated villages, considering the existence of about 110 villages with less than 20 households in this sector.

Key words: scalogram, underdevelopment, rural development, foundational theory, Margoon

Investigation of the causes of rural regions' underdevelopment: The case of Margoon district of Boyer-Ahmad County

     Abstract

The goal of development is to improve all aspects of human life of society. Accordingly, awareness of the distribution of development in rural areas is essential for planning and presenting rural development programs. Therefore, studying and identifying abilities and facilities and then determining the causes of underdevelopment in rural areas are considered the first step in the process of planning and developing rural areas. However, due to the importance and role of rural population in the country's development, the quality of life and livelihood of these population should be considered and some suitable strategies for rural development should be taken. Also, progress and improving of socioeconomic condition of rural people should be a part of national programs that lead to rural development. Therefore, achieving rural development needs identifying challenges, barriers and bottlenecks in each village and planning development programs according to these challenges. In other words, desirable rural development program needs to identify the causes of rural underdevelopment. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was twofold; first, understanding the level of development in rural areas of Margoon district and second, identifying the causes of underdevelopment of the rural region. For this purpose, a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches was used. In quantitative part, the developed and underdeveloped villages were classified using scalogram approach. Findings of scalogram revealed that the villages of Saheh, Bidak, Baghcheh, Ratin, Nase-Morgham, Darbid, Yurk-e-Olia, Zirna, Kolvar, Balrood, Moshmei-e-Olia, Gahoor-e-Mordeh, Lahfarokh-e-Moshmei, Sarchal, Toksiseh-e-Sofla, Ghale-e-Soghav were undeveloped and should be considered in first priority of development programs. In contrast, Joberiz, Shahniz and Moshmei-e-Sofla were in developed category. Because the most villages of the region were in the fifth (undeveloped) category (17 out of 47 villages), it is concluded that the Margoon's rural area is undeveloped. In the second part of the study, the causes of underdevelopment were identified. For this purpose, a descriptive-analytical method with the aid of a comparative approach was used. Statistical population of the study was the underdeveloped villages in the Margoon district. In each village, 10 percent of the households were randomly selected as a sample of the study from the population. To collect the data, a questionnaire was used. For determining the content validity of the questionnaire, a factor analysis was used. The KMO (0.712) indicated the optimality of the data for the factor analysis. In this section, 10 factors with eigenvalues ??of more than one were identified based on Kaiser criterion. Therefore, using explanatory factor analysis technique, 10 factors of underdevelopment were extracted. In total, the extracted factors explained 73%.