The impact of social capital on sustainable urban development

Social capital is considered one of the newly emerging and controversial fields in the interdisciplinary studies of sociology and economics. Economic stability, enjoying health and wellness and having friendly relations with others are part of the essential elements needed to improve the quality of life. After the Second World War, most development theories and theories that tried to provide a path to achieve economic development and move towards a "prosperous society" influenced the economic planning of governments without considering the context of society and how human relations are embedded in it, while recent research has shown that the way people interact with each other, the way and extent of their participation in civil affairs and their shared beliefs and values ??can have a significant impact on reducing time and economic and social costs; Therefore, the concept of social capital (besides natural, economic and human capital) has been proposed, which includes institutions, relationships; It is the attitudes and values ??that guide people's interaction and make them participate in economic and social development (Sharapour, 1380: 106).

Because people try to meet their needs and achieve their desired goals through the relationships they establish with each other, a phenomenon called "society" is formed. Establishing a relationship between people causes information to be exchanged between them and society members in the form of different social networks such as neighbors, friends, relatives, family and so on. Define and realize collective interests and strive to improve the quality of their individual and collective lives with active social participation. The stronger these relationships are, the higher the quality and quantity, and the more systematic and coordinated they are, we will witness the achievement of collective goals in a shorter period of time and at a lower cost. In this case, we can talk about "social capital" which is a special combination of social relations and the quality of these relations. It should be noted that social communication can act as "social capital" when it is based on mutual trust and influenced by the common values ??and norms shared by members of the society; to be As a result, social capital as a fundamental factor in interpersonal relationships can spread from the micro level to the collective level and bring economic and social development.

A group of social scientists who are reviving the tradition of Tocqueville have collected a wide range of empirical evidence that shows that the quality of public life and the performance of social institutions are deeply affected by the norms and networks of civil participation. Social capital is gradually becoming a vital element of economic development around the world. Dozens of rural development researches have shown that the strong network of local people's associations is as important for economic growth as physical and technological investment, by achieving the right price. Social and cultural is evident and tangible in all societies, especially developing societies. Therefore, in order to achieve comprehensive and sustainable development, all societies must provide themselves with suitable models, both economically and socially-culturally, in order to achieve this goal.

Limited development studies in the years after World War II in Europe, focusing on macroeconomic problems; Global communication and inequality between rich and poor countries began (Brahman, 4: 1381). In these years, the concept of development was used synonymously with economic growth (Sai, 1388: 18) and raising the gross national product and per capita income were the main goals of development; But with the intensification of issues such as poverty, unemployment, inequality, destruction of natural resources, etc. The use of economic variables as the only effective factor in the development sector was doubted (Pour Mohammadi and Zali, 2013: 38). This caused that from the 1970s on, attention to sustainable development centered on human development and the preservation of natural resources for future generations.

Until in 1992, in the "Earth Conference", sustainable development was defined as follows: meeting the needs of the present generation without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their needs, in addition, in the World Environment Commission, sustainable development is defined as follows: sustainable development is the process of changing the use of resources, directing investments, directing the development of technology and changing institutions that are compatible with the needs of the present and future. Also, the "Bratland" commission says about sustainable development: sustainable development as a process requires improvement and progress, a process that is the basis of improving the situation and overcoming the social and cultural shortcomings of advanced societies and should be the engine of balanced, proportional and harmonious economic, social and cultural progress of all societies, especially developing countries (Abbaspour, 1386: 1008). Therefore, attention to sustainable development was focused on human development, and in recent years, attention to Social capital is known as an influential factor in sustainable social development. But social capital means the norms and networks that enable people to take collective action (Poorsten, 1998). The World Bank considers social capital to be a phenomenon that is the result of the impact of social institutions, human relations and norms on the quantity and quality of social interactions, therefore, by using the knowledge of social capital and the methods of its application, human resources can be directed towards achieving sustainable development. Bandar Abbas is one of the ancient cities with a history in the history of the country, which is of special importance in the development due to its geographical location and special natural and environmental conditions, on the one hand, and due to its human participation throughout history. has had a country natural resources; Oil, and the commercial position and common water border of this city with neighboring countries have created a special position for it. Sustainable development, as it was said, emphasizes the use of renewable and non-renewable natural resources by preserving them for future generations. Therefore, measuring the extent to which the people of the city know the dimensions of development will be very important in future planning for the sustainable development of Bandar Abbas. In addition, new research at the world level shows that social capital is an important factor in human participation in sustainable development. Therefore, addressing social capital and measuring its correlation with sustainable urban development is very important in planning and achieving this goal.

While knowing each of these factors, the present research aims to find out how much they are affected by each other by examining the mutual influence of social capital and sustainable development. What are the best ways to use these two factors together to achieve sustainable urban development? If social capital is not valued, will sustainable urban development be fully realized or not?

1-3-Importance and necessity of research:

We live in a world where moving forward is inevitable and progress and development every day affects all aspects of our lives. The increasing progress of technology, human relations, social and economic changes, all join hands to make changes in the way of life, use of resources and so on every day. put in front of us, so knowing the resources, the ways to use them optimally while preserving them for future generations is of great importance in studies; In addition, since the human population is one of the most influential factors in this regard, it should be known and guided in such a way that it provides the highest and best efficiency and function of resources; Therefore, knowing social capital or creating it helps a person to plan his relations with society in such a way as to obtain the best and highest productivity, therefore paying attention to social capital and its impact on sustainable economic development both at the level of the country and at the level of the cities is of particular importance as various studies have been conducted in different parts of the world or even in our own country on this matter. In addition, Saadat (2007) in an article determined the trend of changes in social capital in Iran, for this purpose using the amount of social capital that for one year (1380) was estimated for Iran, he proceeded to extract the trend of social capital in Iran and used the fuzzy method for this.

Also, Amiri et al. Saadat: 1387).