Comparative qualitative review of the 2030 news of the Islamic Republic of Iran Television and the 60-minute news program of the Persian BBC.

Academic Thesis in the Master's Degree in Publicity and Cultural Communication

Abstract

The subject of this research is to examine the way competing media pay the news of the day - on July 18, when the political history of the opposition events in Iran took place, and on October 9, when the Palestinian Conference was held with the participation of Islamic countries as the cause of the Islamic Revolution and the Islamic world. The purpose of this work is to examine the "difference" in the "representation" of events by analyzing the way news is processed, examining the gatekeeping and news narrative, the methods of persuasion, advertising and news coverage, and the resulting meaning, and finally, the method of creating meaning from events in two competing media. This was made possible with the help of the categories extracted from the theory of representation - which are also research questions;  In total, this process led to the codes that led to access to the findings of the research. It should be noted that the findings of this research are limited to 4 bulletins and cannot be generalized.

Key words

Semiotics, representation in the media, journalistic analysis of news, Persian language news networks, meaning making, tactics of news coverage and persuasion and promotion

1 Introduction

Communications era It brought a world of wonder to people. The virtual experience of reality, the speed of receiving information and news, free entertainment at home using media imagination and. All made a fundamental change in people's lifestyles. If before these physical characteristics were considered as tools of power for agriculture, war, now information and news have formed a new economy and power, which is called power and economy of knowledge.

There can be no doubt in the fact that the world is in a new state of awakening towards an era-making transformation. The origin of this evolution is established in the field of information and knowledge.

Just as blood is the most important element of human life, information is considered the blood of the information society because everything is changing and evolving in the universe.

Experts consider the information society to be comprehensive in which communication is the real transfer agent to bring about change and transformation in each person in order to obtain information practically. Information, tried to step into the realm of information industries with statistical scales. He identified five major industrial groups, including "communication media". (Webster, 1383, 29)

1-2 statement of the problem

"Power" according to Bertrand Russell means "creating desired effects" and Max Weber defines it as "imposing one's will on the behavior of others". With the formation of the media from the 18th century, the media both influenced and influenced the construction of power. Actors in the international arena use the influence of the media to control the behavior and actions of societies (building and managing public opinion). (Mohammadi, Massoud, 1389, 8)

Now with the removal of political borders through the media, the claimants of power in order to maximize their power, in order to secure it in front of the opposition, use the media to control the public opinion of the world.

Now both the state media owners in Iran and the owners of the BBC are aware of this and each of them is trying to succeed in this media war based on their own conditions. Meanwhile, a successful media is one who knows media literature well and uses the necessary techniques for persuasion and persuasion in order to be effective in shaping public opinion. Although access to the BBC is illegal in Iran, according to Javad Arin Menesh, Vice Chairman of the Cultural Commission of the Islamic Council, currently 4.5 million unauthorized satellite receivers and dishes are active in our country, and currently three thousand satellite channels can be received inside Iran with ordinary antennas. Media representations of reality create a new reality for media consumers. The meaning of representation is the process of recording ideas, knowledge or messages in a physical form. Although the information is mostly popular, the important thing is that the monopoly of information is broken. This failure of monopoly includes the crossing of political borders and "informational pluralism" has been realized in its full meaning.

In this situation of media pluralism and information pluralism, the audience is active subjects who can read and consume the text[4] in a different way. In dealing with the text and while consuming it, the subject produces another text, which is referred to as production during consumption. (Kazemi, 87, 184)

Now news [5] is considered as a basic genre in television, and basically it has created a new type of reality in news using images. The news program is not just a summary of the day's events, but like any media text, it is an organic product. As a result, the format and programming of news programs tend to change rapidly to reflect the changing nature of news itself. (Selbi[6], Cowdery, 80, 161)

A news program, like any media text, is the result of selection and structure. So the news is not a window to the world. Although it may seem that it expresses the events of the day impartially, this is one of the myths that news programs want to create about themselves: that they are only simple and objective explanations of reality. Such myths are placed next to other important issues, so it is your duty. It should be "demythologizing" of news programs. (ibid., 162)

Now if the media is trusted by the audience, the audience will consider it as reality. If not, they engage in "semiotic resistance" and present a new interpretation of it. Fisk believes that intellectual elites and intellectuals who have semiotic power create their desired meanings in cultural and artistic works; But do ordinary audiences also understand the same meaning that intellectual elites want? According to Fisk, what happens in practice is a kind of semiotic resistance of non-elite audiences based on the theory of the active audience and their resistance against elite meanings. According to Fisk, semiotic resistance leads to supporting people in their daily life and helps them to resist a kind of subjugation. If the trust of the audience is disturbed in the long term, the "boomerang effect" [7] is created and it is no longer believable for the audience. Boomerang means a curved stick that returns to the thrower after being thrown. The effect of boomerang can be expressed as a change of tendency in the opposite direction of what the subject meant, or in other words, an effect that returns to the subject himself. The receiver of the message is able to influence the sender in various ways, and this return effect can be called an inverted action or boomerang or stigma. If it is found on the forehead, it falls from the threshold of trust and all its content is met with laughter or anger of the audience. In most cases, such a means of communication suffers a relative vacuum due to the rapid and significant reduction of its customers, and those who listen to it are considered by others to have no social value. The processes of boomerang effect, feedback and negative return effect will be the factors of finding an unfavorable sign or stigma in communication tools. (Saroukhani, 1384, 103)

On the other hand, television has special features that give special features to news. Television uses images. Seeing facilitates belief and makes reality tangible. If the same news image is obviously associated with censorship, it implies that the media is lying because the audience does not have the capacity to accept the complete reality or the reality endangers the interests of the media owners.  So, the audience's trust in the media is taken away.

Television is the creator of pop culture and the destroyer of special traditional sanctities. Now the first level officials with all the material features, strengths and weaknesses. They are constantly evaluated and are not hidden from the public view like the emperors and rulers in the past, and they do not have the respect and charisma they used to have, so they are easily criticized in the form of news and critical programs.

The image is an important factor in believability in the audience. But the importance and special feature of television news is in a physiological feature in humans: "According to the surveys, 80% of a person's information is received through the eyes and the rest through the ears and other senses." (Abbasi, 2018, 20)

Television news makes life meaningful for the audience in a specific context [8]. Television as a medium is a tool for exercising the power of media owners and a lever influencing public opinion.