Investigating social factors affecting women's economic participation studied by women educators in the 9th district of Tehran

Master's Thesis in Sociology

Abstract:

Aim of the research: The purpose of the present research is to know the relationship between the social influencing factors on the economic participation of working women in cultural institutions. In this research, the influential components of social factors have been discussed. Then the relationship of each component with economic participation has been evaluated. 2- Research method: The present research method is descriptive and applied. The research data was prepared based on a 5-choice Likert questionnaire and was distributed among 150 working women educators in the 9th district of Tehran. Descriptive and inferential statistics techniques have been used to analyze the research data, and the research hypotheses were tested through the qualitative relationship of Karl Pearson's chi-square and Choprov's coefficient correlation test. 3- Theoretical foundations: The theoretical framework of the research is based on the views of Max Weber's social theory and Lipset's theory of economic participation. The research hypotheses are set based on this framework. Based on theoretical studies for social factors, elements including social responsibility, social dignity, financial independence, power seeking, age, marriage and celibacy were considered and their relationship with job success was measured. 4- Findings: According to the results obtained from the present research, there is a significant relationship between all social factors and women's economic participation, and the results of prioritization based on Choprov's coefficient showed that social dignity has a high priority in the economic community and has the most impact. The second priority is age. Then, according to the respondents, the third priority is seeking power, the fourth priority is financial independence, the fifth priority is social responsibility, and the sixth priority is marriage and celibacy, which has an importance and influence on economic participation.

Key words: economic participation, social responsibility, financial independence, power seeking, social dignity. It is the economy, which has rarely been seriously discussed. In most of the discussions that have taken place in Iran about economic activities and employment, the economic participation of women has not been properly addressed. Women make up half of the country's population. There has always been a consensus that women play the most important role in society as well as economic life. In recent years, due to the economic conditions of the society and as a result, the existence of economic problems in families, the general attitude towards women's employment has changed and this has caused the increase of women's labor force. Also, considering that women are mostly inclined to work in service jobs that include the educational sector, i.e. teachers, research and research in this field and social factors affecting their economic participation should be discussed and examined seriously. Regarding its strength, it has different levels in different dimensions. They are social, in this way, they strengthen social solidarity and social bonds and prevent social collapse (Ramazani, 2017: 2).

One of the important types of participation that is discussed and It is the economic participation of women, so that most researchers and sociologists have considered the economic participation of women in conventional and legal frameworks as one of the indicators of economic development in the countries of the world (Tedin, 2016: 251). Achieving the development, comfort and promotion of human dignity, the optimal use of human resources and skills of women is very important. Facilitate the effective participation of people in the society. Participation should be considered from two main aspects, i.e. taking into account all people and also accepting all activities. (Naqib al-Sadat, 1381: 65). Nowadays, the studies of social experts show that it is not possible to achieve sustainable development without the active participation of women in all fields, including family, economic and social fields. But recent studies show that social factors and society's different expectations of men and women have created important obstacles to women's participation.

Therefore, the attitude of society and individuals towards women, which mostly appears as social factors, has significant effects on their economic participation. In other words, in addition to the society's need for women's employment, they often need employment to help the family, guarantee the future, and even as breadwinners, and on the other hand, they must be able to distinguish between their three family duties as wives, housewives, and mothers (Azeimi, 2010: 38) which Undoubtedly, these responsibilities are not without influence on the economic participation of women in the society.

Therefore, in the present research, considering the level of society's need for progress and development on women's economic participation on the one hand, and the social factors existing in the heart of society and family, which have significant effects on women's participation, on the other hand; It has been tried to investigate these factors and in this way to measure the positive or negative effect of the mentioned factors on women's economic participation. 1-3- The importance and necessity of conducting research The growing trend of discussing women's economic participation in recent decades, currently this discussion is one of the most important and It is considered the most basic concepts in economic sciences. Today, development thinkers and observers consider women's participation as one of the most important pillars of development and they consider it to be of double importance in economic development. According to them, women's economic participation is one of the inseparable and undeniable necessities of the economic system in the 20th century, and the main indicator of economic development is the response to the growing need for women's economic participation and its institutionalization in It is civil institutions (Firehi, 2017: 38). However, in this regard and in relation to women's activities, the most attention and emphasis has been directed to the effective participation of women in social activities in the field of education. It is very necessary to provide the necessary conditions for the participation of women in the economic activities of the society, the economic activities of women have been neglected to a large extent (Mahdavi, 2013: 56). , the participation of female teachers in Iranian society has been discussed and investigated more than social aspects, while the importance of women's economic activity as a prerequisite for economic and social development. It seems that the importance of women's participation in non-economic activities has been more noticed and accepted by the Iranian society The importance of women's social, cultural and political activities should not affect their economic activities (Center for Women's Participation Affairs, 1380: 14). In this way, it can be boldly stated that the rate of economic participation of women in Iran is much lower than in other countries (Zara Nazhad [1], 2003:27). Therefore, according to the mentioned cases, we reach the important point that the research on the economic participation of women in education is an important matter, because the studies show that the employment of women in this position is strongly influenced by the level of development of the countries, both in terms of quantity and quality. It is the case that the greater the development, the greater the contribution of women in the workforce (Naqib al-Sadat, 1381:42). But on the other hand, with a little precision and broadening of our vision, we can achieve the important fact that women working in education and training are involved in many problems due to the high responsibilities of family life, and we should not ignore the dissatisfaction of working women and their mental problems, because we can boldly say that the reason for the lack of economic participation of women in our country compared to other countries is due to many social and psychological problems that affect their personal and work life (Emadi, 2010: 33). Therefore, the investigation on women's economic participation is a one-dimensional thing, and in order to conduct more complete research and investigations, it is necessary to conduct investigations on the social factors that affect female teachers so that we can solve the challenge of the lack of economic participation of women in Iran in a more practical way. There are many social factors in the discussion of women's economic participation in education, which have affected the majority of the people of this city in a special way. The purpose of the research is to investigate the reasons for economic participation or non-participation of women in education in Tehran and to identify social factors that strengthen or weaken it. While this research has a fundamental nature, it has a practical nature. Because this makes it possible to know the social influencing factors on their economic behavior (or non-behavior), barriers to participation, and reasons for decreasing or increasing women's participation.