Comparison of identity styles and behavioral inhibition activation systems and coping styles in addicts and normal people

Dissertation to receive a master's degree in clinical psychology ((M.A))

Abstract:

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing identity styles and coping styles and behavioral activation/inhibition systems in addicts and normal people. The method used is causal-comparative and research tools, including Berzonsky's identity styles questionnaire, Andler Parker's coping strategies (CISS), scale. The statistical sample of the research was BAS/BIS. The statistical sample of the research included 75 addicts hospitalized in the four addiction treatment centers of Ardabil city (Azadi, Sablan Rebirth, Pure Health Companions, Arman Sabz) and 75 normal people who were randomly selected and measured by research tools. SPSS software was used for data analysis and MANOVA multivariate analysis of variance was used for hypothesis analysis. The results showed that the difference There is a significance between identity styles, opposite styles and behavioral activation/inhibition systems in addicts and normal people. As a result, it can be said that styles, confused identity and emotion-oriented coping style are among the negative psychological variables that can have a great impact on drug use, so it requires appropriate and comprehensive planning to adjust and correct these variables.

Keywords: identity styles, coping styles, systems Behavioral activation/inhibition, third use of drugs

1 Introduction:

Addiction[1] to drugs is a recurring and chronic mental illness that is accompanied by severe motivational disorders and loss of behavioral control and leads to personality destruction. Millions of people suffer from this disorder, which often appears with other mental illnesses and imposes various economic and social costs on the society. Worldwide, the number of drug users reaches 190 million people, official statistics mention the number of drug addicts in the country at 1-2 million people with an average age of 18 years, while 11 million people of the country's population are facing the problem of addiction themselves and those around them. (Shafii, Rahgozar, 2004, Ziyauddin Wazarezadeh Vahshmati, 2015, quoted by Hamid Kazemi, Sepideh Mortazavi, 2013)

Several decades of research and research have proven that the use of drugs harms the normal function of the reward cortex of the brain, and the continuous use of drugs causes deviations in the function of the reward system of the brain. Such deviations in the brain tissues, Neurotransmitters and information processing regional levels of the brain appear after drug use, which has been proven in both animal models and humans. Furthermore, it is not clear why some addicts develop mental disorders. The increasing trend of drug use among teenagers is very worrying, because most of the teenagers who start using drugs in the early years of adolescence will continue to use these drugs in the coming years, and the amount of drug use and related problems will also increase (Mohammed Khani, 2015).

Adolescence is often described as an important psychological period. During adolescence, people usually face a wide range of behaviors and lifestyle patterns (Pourchenari and Golzari, 2017). This process occurs as part of the natural process of separation from parents, the development of a sense of autonomy and independence, and the creation of a personal identity [2] for useful functioning in adulthood. The pressures and stresses of adolescence increase risks such as smoking and drinking. they stay Also, teenagers may engage in drug use because drugs provide them with a sense of creating a shared responsibility with a specific reference group, rebelling against parental authority, or creating their own individual identity

According to the studies conducted, 4% of people under 15 years old, 24.4% in the age group of 15-19 years, and a total of 56.3% in the age group under the age of 24 have started using drugs (Deputy of Cultural Affairs and Prevention of the Welfare Organization) 1378, another study reported the prevalence of substance abuse[8] in Iranian students at 5.7% (Mousavi 1379, quoted by Allahvardipour et al. 1384).   One of the factors that has been confirmed to be effective in several studies is coping styles[9].And this is one of the variables that affect mental health during adolescence, which teenagers use to face the psychological pressures of their environment, which, of course, coping in teenagers has been conceptualized and measured in different ways.

Nowadays, tension and stress have become an important and inevitable part of human life. Studies in the field of stress emphasize the point that what endangers behavioral health is not the stress itself, but the way a person assesses stress and the methods of dealing with and managing stress (Nickel [10] and Eggel [11], 2006) 1-2 Statement of the problem: One of the basic tasks of adolescence is the development of a stable and coherent identity (Erikson, quoted by Berzonsky). , 2008). Healthy identity development is related to engaging in various actions and activities that provide information about "self" and commitment about opinions about others and preferences of others (Marcia [12], 1980). Identity formation and achieving a coherent definition of self is the most important aspect of human psychological and social development. The choice of values, beliefs and life goals are the most important characteristics of identity in adolescence and youth (Kaver and White[13] 2009). In the study of human personality, identity is a fundamental and internal aspect, with the help of which a person connects with his past and feels continuity and integrity in life. The formation of identity is a combination of skills, worldview and identifications of childhood, which becomes a more or less coherent, continuous and unique whole, which provides the person with a sense of continuity of the past and orientation towards the future. Erikson believes that the formation and acceptance of one's identity is a completely difficult and anxiety-provoking task. People who achieve a strong identity prepare to face adult issues, and people who cannot achieve such an identity experience an identity crisis; Such people don't know where they belong or where they want to go (Snidvital[14], 2009) and as a result, they may withdraw from the normal path of education, job and marriage.

In the meantime, one of the problems that is plaguing families recently is the problem of drugs and drug addiction. Substance abuse is a non-adaptive pattern of substance use that leads to repeated problems and bad consequences and includes a set of cognitive, behavioral and psychological symptoms (Dehghani, Zare, Sedghi and Pourmohad, 2018).  The increase in drug use among young people and its variety is one of the most serious health problems of young people.  Meanwhile, the activation/inhibition of behavior is one of the variables that has been recently investigated in relation to substance abuse (Solimanian et al., 2013). Gray[15] explains how brain-related personality traits predispose people to psychological disorders and damage. In Gray's theory, there are two basic brain systems that control behavior and emotions (Gray, 1990). The behavioral inhibition system [16] which is activated by the conditioned stimulus that is related to punishment or the removal of reward, and the behavioral activation system [17] that is activated by the stimulus that is related to the reward or ending the punishment in order to direct the organism towards the stimulus. People who have a high sensitivity in the behavioral activation system are more likely to experience positive affect and tendency behavior in situations of stimulation that are associated with rewards (Carver and White, 1994; Dove Vlogsten [18], 2004, Fowles [19], 2000). Carver and White associate the behavioral inhibition system with anxiety and failure, and the behavioral activation system with the hope of relief. Therefore, it seems that the different sensitivity of the brain/behavioral systems in different people affects their vulnerability to experience different psychological states. Johnson, Turner, Waiwata (2003) and Igmar [20], Franken [21], Morris [22] and Gorgiva [23] (200) have shown the role of the activation system in substance abuse. , various hypotheses have been expressed and different factors are involved in its creation, but none of them alone can explain drug use. Among the factors that are proposed as a transformative factor is the issue of identity and identity search styles [24] (informative [25], normative [26] and confused / avoidant [27]). It is with the help of identity that people reach a definition of themselves that if this definition It is in conflict with its social reality; they experience conditions such as immaturity, psychological pressure and behavioral problems.