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Comparison of cognitive distortions and emotional schemas in people with migraine with healthy people

Number of pages: 190 File Format: word File Code: 29949
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Psychology
Tags/Keywords: Cognitive distortions - Emotional schemas - Migraine
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  • Summary of Comparison of cognitive distortions and emotional schemas in people with migraine with healthy people

    Master's Thesis in Psychology (M.A.) Orientation: Clinical

    Abstract

    The purpose of this research was to compare the emotional schemas and cognitive distortions in people with migraine with healthy people. To do it, the comparative causal research method (post-event) was used. Available number of 50 people with migraines from Sediq Clinic in Khorramabad city and 50 healthy people were selected from among their companions. To collect data from two questionnaires, "Lehi's emotional schemas" and "cognitive distortions", and to process the data, SPSS software and descriptive statistics and inferential statistics methods such as MANOVA, mean, and standard deviation were used. The findings indicated that most of the subscales of emotional schemas and distortions Cognitions such as mistrust, feeling of guilt, simplistic emotion, lack of evaluation, lack of control, non-acceptance of feelings, rumination, assertion, feeling of shame, distortion of all or nothing, exaggerated generalization, mental filter, macroscopic-microscopical, emotional reasoning, should-be-better, are related to migraine. Positive, jumping to conclusions, labeling, personalization did not find a significant relationship.

    Key words: cognitive distortions, emotional schemas, migraine

    1-1. Introduction

    Mankind has been familiar with headache for a long time and knows different methods of treating it. In an ancient stone inscription that dates back to five thousand years ago, there is an article entitled "Patient with headache". Two thousand five hundred years ago, Chinese people were familiar with headache treatment. Chinese doctors have recommended acupuncture and heating to treat headaches. In the works of Hippocrates (377-450 BC), which was written about 2400 years ago, we find information about patients with headaches. Socrates (399-450 BC), the Greek philosopher and his student Plato (348-428 BC) realized the connection between muscle tension or stimulation and headache. The next progress in the study of headache was the result of the work of doctors in the lands of the Islamic Caliphate, Iranians and Muslim scientists, especially Abu Nasr Farabi (950-870), Aburihan al-Biruni (1048-973) and Abu Ali. Sinai (980-1037). Abu Ali Sina in his famous encyclopedia "Law" has described several headaches, including migraines (Qahfarkhi, 2011). It is estimated that six out of a hundred people suffer from migraines, which are considered a type of chronic headaches, and women are more likely to suffer from migraines.

    Headaches are one of the most common daily human problems, forcing people to see a doctor as soon as possible. There is hardly anyone who has not experienced headaches, 90% of people suffer from headaches at least once a year. (Harrison [1], 1390).

    The causes of headache are countless and usually "benign" and it affects at least 40% of people worldwide every year easily for at least one time. This prevalence does not show much difference for urban or rural population (Honkasalo and Caprio [2], 1995; Raski [3], Hidachi [4], Rowland [5], 2000).

    Migraine is the most common type of headache in all human societies, including Iran, such that 12-15% of the world's population suffers from it, and it is one of the most common reasons for patients to visit specialized neurology offices.

    Migraine is a periodic headache with a hereditary and family background that begins in childhood, adolescence, or early middle age. The degree of pain can be from mild to severe, and may be accompanied by one or all of the symptoms such as avoidance of light and sound. The throbbing in the head is accompanied by nausea and vomiting. This type of pain is aggravated by activity, and with increasing age, the frequency and intensity of its occurrence decreases. It has been estimated that migraine is one of the most costly neurological disorders in the European society, costing more than 27 billion pounds annually (Stoner-Vandrey [6], 2008).including family contexts such as genetic influences and physiological issues such as; vasoconstriction, and environmental factors and psychological issues such as stress, anxiety, and depression, each of which can have many effects on the onset, course, and progression of the disease.

    Many studies show that mental pressure, evaluation anxiety, and reaction to small changes are important factors in migraine headaches (Saviri, 2013).

    Anxiety, depression, perfectionism, ambition, discipline, and extreme precision in activities. Daily life and extreme sensitivity to the way of life are among the characteristics of migraine sufferers (Kaplan and Sadok [7], 2013). and they, in turn, play an effective role in creating migraine tensions. Therefore, emotions act as one of the foundations of how we interact with daily life and continue to be the cause of depression and anxiety diseases. For this reason, excitement can be applied to a wide range of responses. For example, being upset with the teacher, being bothered by the traffic, enjoying a walk in the park, fearing a bad grade, feeling guilty for not doing what the parents said and so on. can be considered as excitement. These emotions can be examined in several dimensions, dimensions such as intensity, duration and direction (Gross and Thomson [8], 2007).

    Regarding the importance of emotions and their impact on psychological problems, Robert Leahy started building his schema model.

    Leahy presented his model of emotional schemas in 2002, based on the concept of emotional processing and inspired by the metacognitive model of emotions. The model of emotional schemas shows the importance that people may differ from each other in how they conceptualize their emotions, or in better words, people have different schemas about their emotions, and according to the existing schemas, they interact with the outside world in different ways, and naturally different behaviors appear. Interpersonal relationships also cause a change in a person's feelings and cause tension. These errors were identified by Albert Ellis, who considered the causes of psychological problems to be the existence of some of these errors. Errors that cause a deviation in a person's thinking and affect his daily life (Ellis [10], quoted by Lehi [11], 2013). and cognitive distortions affect the migraine disease. The researcher of this research is trying to compare the emotional schemas and cognitive distortions in people with migraine with healthy people. Therefore, headache is a great target for public health interventions. Although headache has many different forms, its two main types in outpatient medicine include migraine headaches and tension headaches. Tension headaches are the most common type of headache. Although migraine headaches are less common than tension headaches, they are more severe and more disabling. According to the report of the World Health Organization, migraine ranks 19th among all disorders that cause disability (Ait Elahi and Cheraghian, 2004). Migraine (vascular) headache is an attack disorder characterized by recurrent and one-sided headaches that occur with or without related digestive and vision disorders (such as vomiting, nausea, and fear of light) (Harrison, 2010). In other words, migraine is a recurring headache, benign, usually one-sided, with intervals of painless attacks, lasting for 4-72 hours and caused by stereotyped stimuli. These headaches are probably caused by a functional disorder in the cranial blood circulation (Kaplan and Sadok, 2013). without accompanying symptoms, or seen on his face (Mirzaei, 2012). This common headache is described by patients as tension or pressure.

    The International Headache Society (HIS) [12] has put the following characters to diagnose this migraine. So that at least five headache attacks have the following characteristics.

    1- The duration of the attack is 4 to 72 hours, which may be shorter in children.

    2-A) It is unilateral.

  • Contents & References of Comparison of cognitive distortions and emotional schemas in people with migraine with healthy people

    List:

    Table of Contents

    Title

    Abstract.. 1

    Chapter One: General Research

    1-1. Introduction. 3

    1-2. Statement of the problem. 5

    1-3. The importance and necessity of research. 9

    1-4. Research objectives. 11

    1-4-1. The general purpose of the research. 11

    1-4-2. Partial research objectives. 11

    1-5. Research questions. 11

    1-6. Research hypotheses. 11

    1-7. Operational terms and definitions. 12

    1-7-1. Definition of migraine. 12

    1-7-2. Cognitive distortion. 12

    1-7-3. Emotional schema. 13

    1-8. Summary of the chapter. 13

     

    Chapter Two: Theoretical scope of the subject and research records

    Part One: Literature and theoretical scope. 15

    2-1. Introduction. 15

    2-2. Literature and theoretical scope of migraine. 15

    2-2-1. History. 15

    2-2-2. Definition of migraine. 16

    2-2-3. Causes of migraine. 17

    2-2-4. Types of migraine. 17

    2-2-4-1. Migraine with prelude. 18

    2-2-4-2. Migraine without prelude. 19

    2-2-4-3. Other types of migraine. 19

    2-2-5. Pathogenesis. 21

    2-2-6. Disease diagnosis. 22

    2-2-7. Migraine differential diagnoses. 23

    2-2-8. Hypotheses related to migraine. 24

    2-2-8-1. Migraine vascular hypothesis. 24

    2-2-8-2. Neurological hypothesis of migraine. 25

    2-2-9. Trigeminal vascular system in migraine. 25

    2-2-10. Hydroxytryptamine in migraine. 26

    2-2-11. Dopamine in migraine. 26

    2-2-12. Sympathetic nervous system in migraine. 27

    2-2-13. Clinical findings. 27

    2-2-14. Migraine with aura (classic migraine. 28

    2-2-15. Basal migraine (basilar. 28

    2-2-16. Treatment of migraine. 29

    2-2-17. Preventive treatment of migraine. 32

    2-2-18. Society and culture. 33. 2-2. Environmental aspects. 34. 2-2. Psychological characteristics. 3. 35. Definition of cognition. 35. 2-3. Cognitive psychology. 36. 2-3. 4. Alice's model. 37. Interpretiveness 2-3-7. Beck's model. 2-3-8. 2-3-9. The theory of psychopathology in rational-emotional mania. 41. 2-3-10. The most common illogical ideas Cognitive according to Albert Ellis. 44. Literature and the theoretical scope of emotion. 53. 4-1. Definition of emotion. 53. 4-2. Emotion and theories. 53

    2-4-3. Elements of excitement. 54

    2-4-4. The history of excitement. 54

    2-4-5. Excitement theories. 55

    2-4-5-1. James-Lange theory. 55

    2-4-5-2. Evaluative theory. 55

    2-4-5-3. Theory of behaviorism. 55

    2-4-5-4. Face retrieval theory. 55

    2-4-6. Duties of emotions. 55

    2-4-7. Physiology of emotions. 56

    2-4-8. Different aspects of emotion in psychology. 56

    2-4-9. The nature of excitement. 56

    2-4-10. Physiological reactions of emotion. 58

    2-4-11. Emotion study tools. 58

    2-4-12. Types of emotional reactions. 59

    2-4-13. Mind function in excitement. 62

    2-4-14. Nervous basis of emotion. 64

    2-4-15. Theories related to excitement. 65

    2-4-16. Result of excitement. 67

    2-4-17. Excitement and health. 69

    2-4-18. Emotional brain. 71

    2-4-19. Using emotions correctly. 73

    2-4-20 Definition of excitement. 73

    2-4-21. Marvin Zuckerman's sensation seeking theory. 74

    2-4-22. Characteristics of excitable people. 75

    2-4-23. Conclusion. 78

    2-4-24. The concept of schema. 79

    2-4-25. Emotional schemas. 79

    2-4-26. Leslie Greenberg's emotion-centered therapy. 80

    2-4-27. Leahy's emotional schema therapy model. 81

    2-4-28. Achieving emotions. 83

    2-4-29. Identification of emotional schemas. 84

    2-4-30. Definition of emotional schemas. 84

    2-4-31. Types of emotional schemas. 85

    2-5. Second part: research records. 91

    2-5-1. Research records outside Iran.91

    2-5-2. Research records inside Iran. 92

    2-6. Summary of the chapter. 96

    Chapter 3: Research implementation method

    3-1. Introduction. 98

    3-2. Features of the research design. 98

    3-3. The studied statistical community. 99

    3-4. Sampling method and sample size. 99

    3-5. Measuring tools. 99

    3-5-1. Cognitive distortions questionnaire. 99

    3-5-2. Leahy emotional schema scale. 102

    3-6. Research implementation process. 105

    3-7. Information processing and analysis method. 106

    3-8. Summary of the chapter. 107

    Chapter Four: Presentation of quantitative results, data processing and analysis

    4-1) Introduction. 109

    4-2) Testing the first research hypothesis. 109

    4-3. Testing the second research hypothesis. 129

    4-4. Summary of the fourth chapter. 144

    Chapter Five: Discussion, Analysis, Conclusion

    5-1. Introduction. 146

    5-2. Examining research findings and their relationship with the results of previous studies. 146

    5-3. Summarizing and drawing conclusions from research findings. 148

    5-4. Research limitations. 149

    5-5. Research proposals. 150

    5-5-1. Research proposals. 150

    5-5-2. Executive proposals. 150

    5-6. Summary of the chapter. 151

    List of sources. 152

    Appendixes. 158

    English abstract 176

    Source:

    List of sources

    Atkinson et al. (1983), The field of psychology, translated by Mohammad Taghi Brahani et al. (1382), Tehran, Rushd Publications.

    Arthur C. Guyton (1391). Medical Physiology, (translated by Ahmadreza Niavrani). Tehran: Samat. (Published in the original language in 2011).

    Ervin J. Sarason, and Barbara R. Sarason (2013). Morbid Psychology. (Translated by Bahman Najarian, Mohammad Ali Asghari Moghadam, and Mohsen Dehghani). Tehran: Rushd Publications. (Date of publication in original language 1987).

    Ellis, Albert, Hopper, Robert (1383). Wise life (translated by Mehrdad Firouzbakht). Tehran: Rushd Publications.

    American Psychiatric Association (2000) revised text of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Translated by Nikkho, Mohammad Reza and Avadis Yanis, Hamaik (1384) Tehran: Sokhn. Diseases of the brain and nerves, (translated by Fatima Moradi). Tehran: Hakim Hidji. (Published in original language 2010).

    Blanchard, A.B. Vandrasik. A. (1380). Headaches and their psychological treatments. (Translated by Ydaleh Zargs and Mahmoud Bratund). Tehran: Optimum Publications. (Date of publication in the original language 2000).

    Paiman Nia, Bahram. Mousavi Qiya Qashlaghi, Elham. 2013. Comparison of stress perception and personality traits in migraine patients and healthy people. Scientific research journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd. Volume 22, Number 2.

    James Procheska and John Norcross (2013). Psychotherapy Theories, (translated by Yahya Seyed Mohammadi). Tehran: Neshar Rovan. (Original language publication date, 2007)

    Tajik Ghanbari, Ali. 2015. Examining the prevalence of migraine among medical students and interns at Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. Master's Thesis in Psychology. Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences.

    John Lockman (1384). Nursing of internal surgical diseases (translated by Parvin Broumand et al.). Tehran: Aizh Publications (published in the original language 2001).

    Gerald, Carey (1388). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, (translated by Yahya Seyed Mohammadi). Tehran: Arsbaran (published in the original language) Original 2005).

    James Kalat (2004). Physiological Psychology. (Translation by Hadi Bahirai). Tehran: Arsbaran Publications. (Publishing date in the original language, 2004). Investigating the prevalence of migraine and depression and their relationship with each other in medical students of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. 5(2):1377-91, 84

    Khanzadeh, (2016). Predicting pain perception in the elderly based on emotional schemas and problems in emotional regulation. Master's thesis in the field of clinical psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shiraz University.

    Khanzadeh, Mostafa; Saidian, Mohsen; Chari Hossein, Mashoud and Idrisi, Forough (2013) Factorial structure and psychometric properties of the scale of difficulty in emotional regulation. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 6(1)

    Delavar, Ali (1379). Applied probability and statistics in psychology and educational sciences. Fourth edition. Tehran: Rushd Publications.

    Dehghan Qahfarkhi, Rahmat Elah (2009). The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral stress management training on pain indicators and pain self-efficacy in patients with migraine in Shahrekord hospitals. Master's thesis in general psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Payam Noor University. David Burns (2006).

Comparison of cognitive distortions and emotional schemas in people with migraine with healthy people
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