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Examining the relationship between parenting styles of parents and thinking styles and problem solving styles in students

Number of pages: 111 File Format: word File Code: 29883
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Educational Sciences
Tags/Keywords: Parenting methods - Problem solving styles - Students - Thinking styles
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  • Summary of Examining the relationship between parenting styles of parents and thinking styles and problem solving styles in students

    Dissertation to receive a master's degree in counseling and guidance (MA)

    Abstract

    The main purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between parents' parenting styles, thinking styles and problem solving styles in middle school male students in Kermanshah. For this purpose, 348 students and their parents were selected using a simple and accessible random sampling method. In order to collect information, Baumrind's parenting styles questionnaire, Sternberg and Wagner's thinking styles questionnaire, and Cassidy and Lang's problem solving styles questionnaire were used. Pearson correlation test was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between parenting styles of parents and students' thinking styles, and there is a significant relationship between thinking styles and students' problem solving styles. Also, there is a significant relationship between parenting styles of parents and problem solving styles of students.

    Key words: parenting styles, thinking styles, problem solving styles, students.

    1 Introduction

    Family life plays an essential role in maintaining the mental, social and physical health of children and parents. Family provides the first and most important social context for human development. During the natural development of each child, we witness a series of cognitive, emotional and social changes. Almost all people have problems during growth and in the process of adapting to these changes, and the stress and conflict that follows can lead to behavioral-emotional and learning problems in them. Most of the behavioral problems of students reflect the complex interpersonal conditions of family members, especially parents. In other words, the presence of child behavior problems is the defective relationship between family members and it is related to the educational methods and the incorrect parenting methods of the parents and their defective interactions with the children (Hibbati, 2011).

    Parenting methods are the methods that parents use to raise their children and express the attitudes they have towards their children and also include the standards and rules for their children. they impose But it must be accepted that parenting behaviors change due to culture, race and economic groups (Hosseinian, Pourshahriari and Kalantari, 2017). This research aims to examine the relationship between parents' parenting styles, thinking styles and problem solving styles.

    Research on thinking styles originated from studies related to the psychological, social and physiological aspects of the education process. Recognizing and understanding the models related to thinking styles is one of the basic developments of psychology in the 20th century. Knowing thinking styles and related variables in education is essential because many differences in people's performance can be attributed to thinking styles instead of abilities. In such a way that if teachers are aware of the students' thinking styles, they can achieve effective results with appropriate design and orientation of educational activities (Zhank[1], 2003; quoted by Jahanshahi and Ebrahimi Qavam, 2016).

    Another variable discussed in the current research is problem solving styles. This means that people in stressful situations use different problem-solving skills and the efficiency and inefficiency of these strategies play a major role in their physical and psychological well-being (Noori, 2017). Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between parents' parenting styles and thinking styles and problem solving styles in middle school male students in Kermanshah. 1-2 statement of the problem The relationship between parents and children is one of the important issues that has attracted the attention of education experts for years. The family is the first base that provides the link between the child and the environment. In the family, the child learns the basic attitudes about the world and grows mentally and physically (Hibbati, 2008). Parenting styles are a combination of different behaviors of parents that occur in a wide range of situations and create a lasting parenting atmosphere (Zarean and Bakshipour Rudsari, 2016). In parenting styles, three characteristics have been revealed that separate the effective method from the less effective method of parenting.These three characteristics are: acceptance or close relationships, control and independence.  which is determined by the interaction of these three characteristics of three parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritarian and permissive. Parents with authoritative style establish a reasonable relationship in terms of acceptance and close relationships, and also act reasonably and correctly in terms of the degree of independence given to their child. Authoritarian style is low in terms of acceptance and close relationships, high in terms of coercive control and low in terms of giving independence. While parents with a permissive parenting style show a loving and accepting way and are not expected and exercise little control over their children's behavior. These parents allow their children to make their own decisions at any age, even if they are not yet able to do so (Diaz [2], 2005). Bakhshi (2007) stated that parenting styles of parents have many effects on children, and among other things, it does not affect the formation of thinking and the type of thinking style of children. Based on his theory of mental self-management, Sternberg believes that we do not have a specific style, but have a profile of styles and that people may have similar abilities but different styles. This theory describes 12 thinking styles that are distinguished from each other in 5 dimensions: functions, forms, levels, areas and trends. In the theory of mental self-management, thinking styles are divided into legal, executive and judicial styles based on function (Zhang [4], 2001).  Due to the fact that people's thinking styles are different, therefore, knowing the concept of thinking styles is of particular importance, and nowadays, the development and evaluation of thinking styles is one of the basic functions of education (Sternberg, 2001). In addition to the fact that parents' parenting styles have effects on children's thinking styles, they teach children to use different strategies when faced with different situations and problems and to have their own unique problem-solving styles (Hibbati, 2013).

    Problem solving is a cognitive, behavioral and innovative process that a person uses to identify and invent adaptive strategies for everyday problems (Nizo [5], 1987; quoted by Cassidy) and Long [6], 1996).

    Nzo (1987) introduced six problem solving styles, including: creative, trusting, orientation, helplessness, inhibition and avoidance. Creative problem solving style shows planning and considering various solutions according to the situation of the problem maker. The confidence style in problem solving expresses the belief in the person's ability to solve problems, and the attitude style is a positive attitude towards problems and the desire to face them face to face, and the helplessness style expresses the helplessness of a person in problem situations. Also, the inhibitory style in problem solving refers to the influence of external and internal controllers in the problem-creating situation, and finally, the avoidance style indicates the tendency to ignore problems instead of confronting them head-on. Cassidy and Long (1996) called the first three styles constructive problem solving methods and the next three styles non-constructive problem solving methods. Burt [7] (2005) in his study concluded that the type of relationships of different roles in the family will lead to different behaviors from children in the social arena, including that it shapes children's thinking and their thinking styles and also stated that between parenting styles There is a relationship between parents and their children's thinking styles. In this regard, Herz and Gon[8] (2012) stated in a research that without a doubt, the quality of communication between parents and children has a great role and importance in the formation of personality and social, emotional and intellectual development, and the type of dealing with problems and the type of problem solving, and they pointed to the relationship between the parenting styles of parents and the problem solving styles of their children.  Therefore, the aim of the current research is to answer questions such as whether there is a relationship between the parenting styles of parents and the thinking styles and problem solving styles of high school students? 1-3 The importance and necessity of the research Family education system or in other words parenting methods is one of the important factors in the formation of a child's personality (Jahanshahi and Qawam, 2016).

  • Contents & References of Examining the relationship between parenting styles of parents and thinking styles and problem solving styles in students

    List:

    Table of Contents

    Abstract 1

    Chapter One. 2

    Generalities of the research. 2

    1-1 Introduction. 3

    1-2 statement of the problem. 4

    1-3 Importance and necessity of research. 7

    1-4 research objectives. 9

    1-4-1 main goal. 9

    1-4-2 sub-goals. 9

    1-5 research hypotheses. 10

    1-5-1 main hypothesis. 10

    1-5-2 Sub-hypotheses. 10

    1-6 definitions of variables 10

    1-6-1 conceptual definitions of variables 10

    1-6-2 operational definitions of variables 11

    Chapter two. 12

    Theoretical foundations and research background. 12

    2-1 Parenting methods. 13

    2-1-1 Definitions of parenting methods. 13

    2-1-2 Theories and views about parenting methods 14

    2-1-2-1 Baumrind's theory. 14

    2-1-2-2 Scheffer pattern. 17

    2-1-2-3 Elson's point of view. 18

    2-1-2-3 Erikson's theory. 20

    Zigelman's 2-1-2-4 pattern. 21

    2-1-3 parenting attitudes. 24

    2-1-4 Advantages of authoritarian parenting style. 25

    2-1-5 The effect of authoritative parenting methods on children's competence 27

    2-1-6 Social class and parenting style. 28

    2-1-7 Culture and parenting. 29

    2-2 thinking styles. 30

    2-2-1 Definition of thinking and thinking styles. 30

    2-2-2 types of thinking styles. 32

    2-2-3 Thinking from John Dewey's point of view. 36

    2-2-4 Thinking from Guilford's point of view. 37

    2-2-5 stages of logical thinking in facing problems. 38

    2-2-6 thinking styles from Sternberg's point of view. 39

    2-2-7 The relationship between intelligence and thinking. 40

    2-2-8 Factors that form the basis of thinking. 42

    2-3 problem solving styles. 43

    2-3-1 Definitions and concepts of problem solving styles. 43

    2-3-2 Nezu's point of view regarding problem solving. 46

    2-3-3 Desorilla and Goldfried's views on problem solving. 47

    2-3-4 Badal and Lennox's views on problem solving. 47

    2-3-5 problem solving process. 49

    2-3-6 problem solving theories. 53

    2-4 Background of the conducted researches. 56

    2-4-1 The background of research done inside the country. 56

    2-4-2 The background of research conducted abroad. 57

    The third chapter. 59

    Research method. 59

    3-1 research design. 60

    2-3 classification of variables 60

    3-3 statistical population of the research. 60

    3-4 statistical sample of research and sampling method. 60

    3-5 research tools. 61

    3-5-1 Questionnaire of parenting methods. 61

    3-5-2 Questionnaire of thinking styles. 61

    3-5-3 Questionnaire of problem solving styles. 62

    3-6 implementation method 62

    3-7 statistical methods of data analysis 63

    Chapter four. 64

    Data analysis 64

    A) Descriptive findings. 65

    4-1- Frequency and percentage of parenting styles of parents. 65

    4-2- Mean and standard deviation of parenting styles score 66

    4-3- Mean and standard deviation of thinking styles score. 66

    4-4- Mean and standard deviation of problem solving styles score. 67

    b) inferential findings. 67

    4-5- Pearson correlation coefficient between thinking styles and parenting styles 68

    6-4-Pearson correlation coefficient between problem solving methods and thinking styles 69

    4-7- Pearson correlation coefficient between problem solving methods and parenting styles 70

    Chapter five. 72

    Discussion and conclusion. 72

    5-1 Interpretation of results. 73

    5-2 general conclusion. 78

    5-3 Limitations 78

    5-4 Offers. 78

    5-4-1 Research proposals. 78

    5-4-2 Practical suggestions. 79

    Persian sources. 80

    Latin sources. 86

    Source:

    Persian sources

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    Esfandiari, Ali. (1388). Investigating and comparing parenting methods of mothers with behavioral disorders and mothers of normal children and its effect on behavioral disorders of children, master's thesis, Iran Institute of Psychiatry, Psychological Sciences Quarterly,. Investigating and comparing parenting practices of mothers with behavioral disorders and mothers of normal children and its effect on behavioral disorders of children, Master's thesis, Iran Institute of Psychiatry, Psychological Sciences Quarterly, second year, number 3, 19-26.

    Ismail Pourhosami, Fatemeh (2008). Parent-child relationship and its role in the formation of identity, Tarbiat Magazine, Ministry of Education's monthly magazine, Ministry of Education Publications, number 8.

    Emamipour, Suzan and Saif, Ali Akbar. (1382). Evolutionary investigation of students' thinking styles and their relationship with creativity and academic progress, Educational Innovation Quarterly, Tehran. Azadi, Shahdekht. (1389). Investigating the relationship between parents' parenting methods and shyness of Noorabad girls, academic year 82-81, master's thesis, field of general psychology, Al-Zahra University.

    Bakhshi, Ahmed. (2007). The relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and problem-solving styles in students, 10th year psychology magazine, number 32, pp. 35-56.

    Barhamand, Usha (2009). Investigating the relationship between temperament, parenting style and behavioral problems among preschool children in Tabriz city, doctoral thesis, Allameh Tabatabai University

    Pour Faraj Omran, Majid (2007).  Examining the relationship between creativity, emotional intelligence and thinking styles. The first national conference on creativity and innovation management in Iran.

    Pourahmadi, Reza and Mehrabi, Maryam (2008). Investigating the short-term effect of positive parenting program training on changing the parenting practices of mothers of children with oppositional defiant disorder, Family Research Quarterly, second year, number 8, 16-23.

    Jahanshahi, Nahid, Ebrahimi Qawam, Soghari. (2016). A comparative study of the relationship between thinking style with age, gender, field of study and level of education and parenting methods of parents of teachers of the three levels of elementary, guidance, and secondary levels, Psychology and Educational Sciences Quarterly, 4th period, number 2, fall 86. Hosseini Nesab, Alireza. (1387). Investigating the relationship between parenting methods and students' self-efficacy and mental health, educational and psychological studies, second year, number 37, 2-7.

    Hosseinian, Akbar, Pourshahriari, Reza and Kalantari, Qasim. Parenting styles, second edition, Tehran: Dadar publishing and research. Hamidizadeh, Mohammad Reza. (2012). Investigating the behavior and structure of problem-solving styles of knowledge-oriented human resources. Journal of Management and Development. 6, 61, 15-25.

    Rahmani, Farnaz. (1387).  The relationship between parents' educational style and the amount of students' behavioral problems, research paper, Mehr

    Rezaei, Mohammad. (1389). Investigating the relationship between mothers' child-rearing practices and social maturity of middle school students in the 6th district of Tehran in the academic year 2015-2016, master's thesis, Tarbiat Moalem University. Rezaei, Khadadkhah. (2008). Analytical investigation of thinking styles and performance of secondary school principals. Shiraz city Master's thesis, University of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shiraz University.

    Razavi, A; Shiri, A. A. (1384). A comparative study of the relationship between the thinking styles of high school boys and girls and their academic progress, Educational Innovation Quarterly, No. 12, Tehran. Zareh, Hossein; Akhundi, Nila and Arab Shibani, Khadijah (2013). The relationship between thinking styles and the creativity of female and male students of Payam Noor University, the first national conference on cognitive science findings in education and training, Tehran.

    Zaraan, Moin and Bakhshipour, Roudsari, Hossein. (2016). Investigating the relationship between parenting styles and problem solving styles in secondary school students, Psychology magazine, number 34.

    Zaraan, Mostafi, Asadollahpour, Amin and Bakhshi. Rudsari, Abbas. (1386). The relationship between emotional intelligence and problem solving styles with general health. Iranian Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 13, 2, 166-172.

    Soroghd, Akram, Rezaei, Abdullah and Masoumi, Ahmad. (2008). Predicting creativity from thinking styles in students, Master's Thesis, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Payam Noor University, Tehran.

    Soroghd, Siros, Vidyant, Arafa Sadat. (2008). Comparison of learning styles and Methods of solving problems of male and female students of humanities, basic sciences and technical engineering. New approach in educational management chapter. 2, 4, 77-92.

    Sultani Amrabadi, Marzieh (2011). Investigating the relationship between creativity and thinking styles and methods of dealing with stress in middle school students of Isfahan city. Master's thesis. Quarterly Journal of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Payam Noor University, Tehran. Examining the relationship between students' thinking styles and academic progress, the first national conference on the findings of cognitive science in education. Sharifi Avaradi, Parviz. (2004). The effect of teaching problem solving style on the self-esteem of students with behavioral problems. Educational innovations chapter.

Examining the relationship between parenting styles of parents and thinking styles and problem solving styles in students
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