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  3. Geomorphological survey of Gesht Rudkhan watershed with emphasis on environmental hazards

Geomorphological survey of Gesht Rudkhan watershed with emphasis on environmental hazards

Number of pages: 152 File Format: word File Code: 29728
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Geography - Urban Planning
Tags/Keywords: Environmental hazards - Foman River patrol - Geomorphology - Geomorphology of the watershed - Gosht Rodkhan watershed - Natural geography - River Khan - watershed
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  • Summary of Geomorphological survey of Gesht Rudkhan watershed with emphasis on environmental hazards

    Academic Thesis for Master's Degree

    Field: Natural Geography

    Trend: Geomorphology in Environmental Planning

    Abstract

    Today, one of the important factors in the occurrence of damages caused by environmental hazards is the lack of complete and scientific knowledge in different areas. The watersheds of Iran, especially in the watersheds of the Caspian Sea, have many risks, especially floods, erosion, and landslides due to land use change and forest destruction. Therefore, fundamental studies in watersheds are essential, which can reduce complications caused by environmental hazards. Gesht Rodkhan watershed is one of the west basins of Gilan province, which leads from the north to Masuleh Rodkhan watershed, from the south to Ghalee Rudkhan watershed, from the east to Chobro Siahmezgi watershed, and from the west to Zanjan province watersheds.

    In this research By using field studies and inquiries made with residents and by using descriptive and analytical methods and by using available library information and documentary data, the impact of factors such as geology, climate, topography, slope, geomorphology and vegetation and among human factors, the type of livelihood and construction activities in relation to the environmental hazards of the Gesht Rudkhan catchment area, has been studied among the various environmental factors that have made the Gesht Rudkhan catchment area an unstable environment or caused its stability and location. It is possible to mention various hazards such as floods, landslides, erosion, avalanches, glaciers, and fires, which can be considered as one of the biggest dangers in this basin. Key words: environmental, geomorphological, watershed, Foman river patrol. Introduction: Nature throughout history. He always shows his harsh face with destructive phenomena such as avalanches, floods, volcanoes, earthquakes, etc. It has been shown to man. These disasters and dangers are a part of life and always threaten mankind. At first, man considered the occurrence of these phenomena to be the result of God's wrath, with such a way of thinking, he did not see himself as capable of dealing with and reducing the effects of these dangers. But with the intellectual growth of human societies and the understanding of the causes of accidents, he tried to find ways to deal with and reduce risks. Despite these efforts, based on the statistics and information available in recent decades, the trend of loss of life and damages caused by environmental hazards is increasing on a global scale. Therefore, the author intends to identify the natural hazards of the basin with the geomorphological survey of the Gesht Rodekhan watershed and provide a solution for the management or control of these hazards. Therefore, this thesis is divided into the following five chapters:

    Chapter One: Generalities of Research

    Chapter Two: Theoretical Foundations of Research

    Chapter Three: Materials and Methods

    Chapter Four: Research Findings

    Chapter Five: Conclusions, responses to hypotheses and suggestions, and finally sources and references.

    Chapter One

    Generalities of the research

    -1 Statement of the problem

    Considering the wide range of issues discussed in geomorphology in the realms of internal and external dynamics, research in this field should be very diverse. On the other hand, because the effective factors in changing the face of unevenness, they always work together; Therefore, one of the important issues in the work of research is to identify the contribution of each factor in creating these changes. On the other hand, the issue of the involvement of time in the evolution of unevenness is of considerable importance, and this issue in turn increases the number of geomorphology researches (Moghimi and Mahmoudi, 2013, p. 45).

    Basically, the nature and emergence of a watershed depends on the environmental conditions and geographical location because natural complications and phenomena in the distribution, infiltration basin, development of the physical bed and other geomorphological factors have important effects. The geomorphological characteristics of each watershed have a direct relationship with environmental factors including natural factors (geology, climate, topography, geomorphology, vegetation) as well as factors that arise as a result of human intervention and unusual influence, and usually the reflection of geomorphological processes produces numerous consequences and problems, which may lead to irreparable damage to the body of the watershed due to carelessness and negligence. Therefore, in order to investigate the geomorphology of the watershed, the conditions of the natural environment and its hydrology must be completely analyzed and the relationship and mutual effects of these phenomena must be studied.Today, one of the important factors in the occurrence of damages caused by environmental hazards is the lack of complete and scientific knowledge in different regions. The watersheds of Iran, especially in the watersheds of the Caspian Sea, have many risks, especially floods, erosion and landslides due to land use change and forest destruction. Therefore, fundamental studies in watersheds are necessary, which can reduce the complications caused by environmental hazards. Gesht River Khan Foman basin is one of the basins that in recent years, due to the change of use due to construction works and forest destruction, the types of erosion in the basin have increased and it brings with it various risks, so this research intends to study and investigate the geomorphology of the Gesht Khan Foman River watershed, the most important factors in creating Identify and investigate the environmental hazards in the basin and classify the impact of these hazards on the stability and instability of the existing areas in the basin.

    1-2 research questions

    Which geomorphological factor or factors have the greatest impact on the environmental hazards of Gesht Rudkhan watershed?

    1-3 Objectives Research

    Geomorphological investigation of the Gesht Rudkhan watershed with emphasis on environmental hazards

    Knowledge of geomorphological factors affecting the environmental hazards of the Gesht Rudkhan watershed in order to provide appropriate solutions to reduce these hazards.

    Knowledge of the geomorphological factors that have caused the establishment and formation of the Gesht Rudkhan watershed.

    1-4 hypotheses Research

    - Natural hazards (floods, earthquakes, landslides, landslides, etc.) play a role in the current structure of Gesht Rudkhan basin.

    1-5 research methods

    The type of research method is descriptive-analytical with an applied approach, which is based on principles, rules and field observations based on phenomena and relationships between variables.

    1-6 methods Gathering information

    The method of gathering information in different stages includes: library method, documentary method and during a short period for the geomorphological investigation of the basin and identification of natural hazards in the field. The basis for the thematic maps required is a computer and the use of geographic software, Autocad, Excel. 1-8 information analysis methods In order to analyze the information in the desired research, first the raw data is received from related organizations and then categorized using statistical software, and then using the classified data to analyze each one using tables and graphs. The map is prepared.

    Climatic data of the basin was received from the meteorological organization of Gilan province and the regional water organization, and after classification, the average numbers were taken, and then to check the climate of the basin and the methods investigated in the climate department, these averaged data were used annually, monthly, and seasonally. Like the climatic data, it is raw and the necessary measures have been taken to average it. To investigate the physiography of the basin, Foman and Scholem topographic maps prepared by the Geographical Organization of the Armed Forces have been used. Reducing the effects of natural disasters, and based on this resolution, countries have formed a committee to reduce the effects of natural disasters. In the country, a committee chaired by the Minister of Interior was formed according to the article approved by the Islamic Council - August 9, 1370 AH, and this committee has formed a sub-committee with the required number of experts in order to conduct extensive studies and research on the country's natural disasters, their history, as well as to announce the emergency and how to deal with compensation. . It is done as follows.

  • Contents & References of Geomorphological survey of Gesht Rudkhan watershed with emphasis on environmental hazards

    List:

    Abstract.. 1

    Introduction.. 2

    Chapter One: General Research

    1-1 Statement of the problem. 4

    1-2 research questions. 5

    1-3 research objectives. 5

    1-4 research hypothesis. 5

    1-5 research methods. 5

    1-6 information gathering methods. 5

    1-7 information gathering tools. 5

    1-8 information analysis methods. 6

    1-9 research records. 6

    1-10 research limitations. 8

    1-11 research area. 8

    1-12 words and concepts. 9

    Chapter Two: Theoretical Foundations of Research

    2-1 Geomorphology. 11

    2-2 systemic approach in geomorphology. 11

    2-3 geomorphological phenomena. 12

    2-3-1 Ridges. 12

    2 -3- 2 domains. 12

    2-3-2-1 types of domains. 12

    2-3-2-2 Slope cut or sudden change of slopes. 13

    2-3-2-3 abysses. 13

    2-3-2-4 erosion of domains. 14

    2-3-3 Efkene cone. 15

    2-4 morphometry (shape measurement). 16

    2-5 river erosion system. 16

    2-5-1 Meander. 16

    2-5-2 Canyon. 17

    2-5-3 River Valley. 17

    2-6 Geomorphic planning. 17

    2-7 natural. 18

    2-7-1 Risk and possibility of risk. 18

    2-7-2 Environmental hazards. 19

    2-7-2-1 natural climatic hazards. 19

    2-7-2-1-1 hydrological. 19

    2-7-2-1-2 Geology. 19

    2-7-2-1-3 biological. 20

    2-7-2-1-4 technological. 20

    2-7-2-1-5 Earthquake. 21

    2-7-2-1-6 Landslide. 21

    2-7-2-1-7 snow avalanche. 22

    2-7-2-1-8 drought. 23

    2-8 river hazards. 23

    2-9 causes of floods. 24

    2-9-1 Natural reasons. 24

    2-9-2 Human reasons. 25

    2-10 types of floods. 25

    2-10-1 Sudden flood. 25

    2-10-2 river flood. 25

    2-10-3 coastal flood. 26

    2-11 characteristics of floods. 26

    2-11-1 Prediction of river floods. 26

    Chapter Three: Materials and Methods

    3-1 Materials. 28

    3-2 methods. 32

    3-2-1 SPI method. 33

    Chapter Four: Research Findings

    4-1 Situation. 35

    4-2 survey of the topography of Gesht Rudkhan basin. 35

    4-3 basin geology. 38

    4-4 Soils of Gesht Rudkhan basin. 41

    4-5 Vegetation of Gesht Rodkhan basin. 44

    4-6 Physiography of Gesht Rudkhan watershed. 49

    4-6-1 catchment area. 49

    4-6-2 Geometric characteristics of the basin. 51

    4-6-2-1 The area of ??the watershed. 51

    4-6-2-2 basin environment. 51

    4-6-2-3 river network. 51

    4-6-2-4 density of the river network of Gesht Rudkhan basin. 52

    4-6-2-5 river classification. 52

    4-6-2-6 branching ratio. 53

    4-6-2-7 length of main waterway. 53

    4-6-2-8 basin shape. 54

    4-6-2-8-1 compression coefficient (Gravilius). 54

    4-6-2-8-2 circular ratio. 54

    4-6-2-8-3 coefficient of roundness (Miller) of the basin. 55

    4-6-2-9 equivalent rectangle method. 55

    4-6-2-10 basin height. 56

    4-6-2-11 basin slope. 59

    4-6-2-11-1 gross slope of the main river. 59

    4-6-2-11-2 slope of the basin lands. 59

    4-6-2-12 concentration time. 59

    4-6-2-12-1 Kerpich method. 60

    4-6-2-12-2 California concentration method. 60

    7-4 Climatic characteristics of Gosht River Khan basin. 61

    4-7-1 Checking the network of meteorological stations. 61

    4-7-2 Review of precipitation data. 62

    4-7-2-1 effective factors in causing precipitation. 62

    4-7-3 Choosing a common time base. 63

    4-7-4 Reconstruction of missing data. 63

    4-7-5 non-graphical methods of homogeneity test (ran test). 63

    4-7-6 The natural frequency of annual rainfall. 65

    4-7-7 Rainfall Index or Rainfall Profile. 67

    4-7-8 standard deviation of basin rainfall. 69

    4-7-9 coefficient of variation. 69

    4-7-10 monthly rainfall. 70

    4-7-10-1 rainfall regime. 71

    4-7-10-2 Seasonal distribution of precipitation. 71

    4-7-11, probability of rainfall in Gesht Rudkhan basin. 72

    4-7-12 rain erosion in the basin. 73

    4-7-13 snow. 75

    4-7-14 temperature. 75

    4-7-15 The trend of monthly average temperature changes. 76

    4-7-1676

    4-7-16 daily and seasonal temperature changes. 78

    4-7-17 Seasonal regime of temperature in the basin. 78

    4-7-18 the number of frost days. 79

    4-7-19 Humidity. 80

    4-7-20 evaporation. 81

    4-7-21 Potential evaporation and transpiration by Trent White method. 82

    4-7-22 sunny hours and cloudiness. 85

    4-7-23 wind. 86

    4-7-24 Climatic classification. 88

    4-7-24-1 Modified Demartin method. 88

    4-7-24-2 Trent White method. 89

    4-7-24-3 Ambergris classification system. 91

    4-7-24-4 ambrothermic curve. 92

    4-8 hydrology of Gesht Rodkhan basin. 93

    4-8-1 Investigating the seasonal irrigation of Gesht Rudkhan basin. 93

    4-8-2 Continuity of river flow. 95

    4-8-3 volume of water flowed. 95

    4-8-4 height of flowing water. 96

    4-8-5 Gumble distribution. 97

    4-8-6 Water profile or natural hydrograph of Gesht Rudkhan watershed. 98

    4-8-7 Determination of runoff coefficient and surface maintenance. 100

    4-8-8 Estimation of soil erosion and sediment production by Fournier method. 102

    4-9 Natural hazards of Gesht Rudkhan Basin. 103

    4-9-1 Geology. 104

    4-9-2 error. 104

    4-9-3 slope. 107

    4-9-4 Vegetation. 107

    4-9-5 Topography. 108

    4-9-6 water network. 110

    4-9-7 Geomorphology. 111

    4-9-8 Physiography. 112

    4-9-9 erosion. 112

    4-9-9-1 Surface erosion. 113

    4-9-9-2 furrow erosion. 114

    4-9-9-3 ditch erosion. 114

    4-9-9-4 Erosion of a waterway (by a river). 115

    4-9-9-5 mass erosion. 116

    4-9-9-6 flood erosion. 117

    4-9-9-7 Mechanical erosion or erosion caused by plowing and furrow operations. 118

    4-9-9-8 glacial erosion. 118

    4-9-9-9 snow avalanche. 119

    4-9-10 flood. 119

    4-9-11 Slip. 121

    4-9-12 fire. 124

    4-9-13 drought. 124

    4-9-13-1 SPI method. 125

    Chapter Five: Conclusion and Hypothesis Testing

    5-1 Conclusion. 128

    5-2 Response to the hypothesis. 131

    5-3 suggestions. 131

    Sources and sources. 133

    .

    Source:

    -Azad Gholami, Fereydoun and Hojjati, Sayde Laila, 1384, study of natural disasters (floods) in the watershed of Rudkhan Foman Castle, Engineering and Environmental Geology Conference, Islamshahr Branch Azad University

    2-Smith, Keith, Environmental Hazards, 1382, translated by Moghimi, Ebrahim and Guderzi Nejad, Shapour, Samt Publications

    Ashraf Doan, Munir Islam and Kumamoto, 2002, Flood risk in land use planning in Dhaka, Bangladesh

    3- Bazerparast, Majid, 1382, Ecotourism of Gesht Rudkhan Valley with an emphasis on climatic capabilities and limitations, master thesis in geography, Rasht Azad University.

    4- Behbahani, Mahmoud Reza, 1380, surface water hydrology, University of Tehran.

    5-Javadani Khalifa, Nasser, 1373, study of hydroclimate of the Torq watershed, master thesis of natural geography, University of Tabriz.

    6- Jaafarpour, Ibrahim, 1367, climatology, University of Tehran.

    7-Jihad Kashwarsi, 1381, flood in the west of Gilan province

    8-Khaldi, Shahriar, 1380, Natural Disasters, Shahid Beheshti University Publications,

    9- Office of Technical Affairs and Development of Criteria 1380, River Flood Control Guide (Methods), Publication No. 242, Management and Planning Organization.

    10- Office of Research and Technical Criteria and Planning, 1375, Guidelines for Physiographic Studies in the Watershed, Publications of Management and Planning Organization Rizi.

    11- Rafahi, Hasanqoli, 1378, water erosion and its control, Tehran University Press.

    12-Ramadani, February 1382, investigation and recognition of the cause of August 1377 Masuleh Gilan flood, accidents number 101

    13-Ramadani, Bahman and Abdolahi, Ali, 1382, in the investigation of rainfall - runoff of the basin Watershed of Masoleh town, Gilan, Sepehr magazine, number 41.

    14-Ramadani, Bahman, 1380, Recognizing the natural disasters of Masoleh in the framework of natural geography, research project of Islamic Azad University, Rasht branch

    15- Rahmanei, Mohammad Taqi, 1370, Iran's environmental capabilities, Iran's Urban Planning and Architecture Studies and Research Center. 

    16- Rahmani, Mohammad Taghi, 1371, Iran's Environmental Capabilities, Iran Urban Planning and Architecture Studies and Research Center. 

    17- Zahedi, Majid, 1378, Surface water hydrology, first part, translated by Anas.

Geomorphological survey of Gesht Rudkhan watershed with emphasis on environmental hazards
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