Dissertation of Master's Degree in Economic Sciences
Academic Year 2013-1394
Chapter One
Research Overview
Introduction
Nowadays, in many countries, especially in developing countries, besides the formal economy, which is the most important economic sector of the country, there is also an informal sector. to these markets and the activities that take place in them; It is also called the informal sector of the economy. The phenomenon of money laundering is a phenomenon that actually originates from the informal or underground sector of the economy. They mainly define money laundering as the meaning of legalizing illegal income and legitimizing illegitimate money or purifying haram money, but the fact is that in money laundering operations, neither illegal incomes become legal, nor haram money is purified, nor illegitimate money is converted into legitimate money. Due to the special nature of Iran's economy, which is such that, on the one hand, its governmental tendency is high, and on the other hand, the field of informal economy is very wide. In addition to insecurity and instability, the government's corporate policies have led to the government sector taking over the management of many economic units. The private sector should have a smaller role in the implementation of economic activities and use its capital and liquidity in activities that work. so that they are quick and less supervised. This issue itself provides a favorable environment for the expansion of the informal economy, which is the place where dirty money enters. Since all the monetary and banking policies in Iran are prepared and announced by the central bank, most of the measures have been taken by this institution, which can be generally divided into 4 categories: legal, educational and study measures, international measures, and executive actions. But in general, in Iran, due to the unknown consequences and harmful effects of money laundering, no effective action has been taken or a special sensitivity has not been created in the society to face the phenomenon of money laundering. Despite the emphasis of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Article 49, which explicitly acknowledges that "the government is obliged to take the wealth resulting from hypocrisy, usurpation, bribery, embezzlement, theft, gambling, misuse of endowments, misuse of government suspensions and holidays, sale of favorable lands and main plots, establishment of places of corruption and other illegal cases, and reject them to the rightful owners and give them to the treasury if they are not known." This ruling should be implemented by the government with investigation and Sharia proof. The necessary platform to fight money laundering in Iran has not yet been provided. And the only legal framework necessary to fight this phenomenon is the same article 49 of the constitution, but except for the Anti-Money Laundering Bill in 2013, no other significant action has been taken in this field.
Given the increasing volume of the underground economy in the past years and the entry of dirty money from these activities into the country's official financial system, and despite the new facilities that have been created in the country's banking system, such as electronic banking, the central information systems feel the need to investigate this phenomenon. and despite the new technologies, it may be possible to provide solutions to combat money laundering in the current situation. with this phenomenon in Iran. Therefore, this research is based on the purpose of applied research. Another goal is to provide solutions that increase the risk and costs of such activities for informal market operators and owners of illegitimate and illegal income. Therefore, our goal is to first identify this phenomenon, and after identifying the definition, stages and consequences of money laundering, we will come to provide a solution in the field.
2-1 Research variables
The main variables that can be mentioned in general as affecting the increase in the incidence of money laundering in this research are: the lack of an efficient institutional structure, the lack of effective study on the factors of this phenomenon by related institutions and universities, the lack of widespread use of electronic banking, Lack of training of employees and managers of banking affairs in the field of money laundering and the steps to do it, which are several variables in the field of internal organizational factors for the occurrence of money laundering.And external organizational factors such as: the level of security in the country's official markets, the level of government entrepreneurial activities, and the level of capacity for entrepreneurship and private sector entrepreneurship in Iran's economy.
3-1 Research questions and hypotheses
1-3-1 main questions
What is money laundering and what effect does it have on the official economy of the country?
What are the operational strategies to combat money laundering in Iran's economic system?
What are the strategies of managers of financial institutions and banks as a sector involved in the country's official financial system in relation to combating money laundering?
Questions Sub
What factors cause the emergence and spread of illegal income?
What effect do new technologies have on combating money laundering?
What are the strategies of managers of financial institutions and banks as a sector involved with the official financial system of the country in relation to combating money laundering?
1-4 research assumptions
There is no continuous community supervision in governmental and semi-governmental organizations such as banks, tax administration, and customs.
Supervisory and banking institutions must have More information should be in the field of transactions and economic and commercial activities.
: Continuous training of bank employees and research in the field of money laundering phenomenon and providing a solution to deal with it will reduce the occurrence of money laundering phenomenon.
The research is a survey method and the technique of collecting information through a questionnaire. The statistical population in this research is all the managers of the National Bank of Yazd. Due to the limited sample size, the sampling method is purposive sampling and selection of all members of the statistical population. It should be noted that this research is considered fundamental-applicative based on its purpose, in this way that we first try to get a complete understanding of the phenomenon of money laundering, mechanisms, and its steps by using books, economic publications, and researches. and then in the fundamental part of this research, we will inquire about the solutions of National Bank managers through a questionnaire.
Chapter 2
Research background
Introduction
In this chapter, firstly, about the concept of money laundering and related concepts such as the informal market from a scientific point of view, and presenting the history of this phenomenon, the status and methods of money laundering in the world, and Iran, and then we examine the effects of money laundering on the economy, especially the economy of Iran. In the following, we will examine the issue of money laundering and its definitions and the issue of combating money laundering In books related to this field, we discuss domestic and foreign laws, instructions, approvals and agreements. In this chapter, we will examine the domestic and foreign measures taken to combat money laundering, and we will continue to discuss and examine the researches conducted on this phenomenon inside and outside the country.
2-1 Money Laundering Phenomenon
1-1-2 Money Laundering: Money laundering is an activity in which the property resulting from the commission of a crime is mixed with other legitimate and illegitimate assets in such a way that its original nature is not known. This crime has a very complex nature. In such a way that the proceeds from this act go beyond the geographical borders of the country and are invested in other countries with the aim of hiding the origin and in a legal appearance. The initial definitions of money laundering have only focused on drug trafficking (Rahbar et al., 2012).
The process of money laundering is carried out in three stages:
A: Placement: The first stage of the money laundering process is placing or injecting proceeds from criminal activities into the official financial network with the aim of converting said proceeds from cash to financial instruments (assets). The placement of the proceeds of crime can be done by dividing large funds into smaller amounts that are not so sensitive and depositing them in domestic banks or other formal and informal financial institutions, or transferred abroad for depositing in foreign financial institutions, or used to buy valuable goods such as works of art, airplanes, metals, and precious stones.