Chapter One
Research Overview
Introduction
Active citizenship is one of the issues that can be measured with different indicators, but family and social capital can play an effective role on this issue. Young people who have built their identity through socialization and presence in the family and have achieved a level of family social capital through continuous communication with their parents can now play the role of active citizens by being present in the society. Of course, indicators such as participation, presence in social life, voting and so on. All of them are parts that have the ability of citizens to act.
Citizenship research in the past has focused on individual rights and responsibilities in relation to the government. The most influential of these researchers today, Marshall (1950), on the importance of civil rights equal legal rights to provide individual justice and freedom, (political rights) including the right to influence decision-making through voting and standing for a public office (and social rights) access to opportunities such as health care and education Legal rights aspects of citizenship are the focus of liberal theories of citizenship that emphasized individual freedom and legal justice. The research done on the subject of active citizenship is mostly from the western background and has been measured in fields such as active citizenship education, active citizenship in democracy and welfare and immigration. At present, Persian research sources and articles have also examined citizenship with issues related to rights, duties and awareness of citizenship, so active citizenship is one of the subjects that can be thought about much more than this. In the following, we have examined citizenship and different views about citizenship, and then we have defined active citizenship. In the theoretical framework, using Putnam's theories about the social capital of the family and active citizenship, we have achieved. It is the mutual duties of citizens, humans are related to each other based on their natural needs. This coexistence and being together requires having a favorable and acceptable culture and ethics while respecting each other's rights. In recent years, some of the considerations of citizenship have been indirectly reflected in the development of economic, political, social and cultural development plans. Young people have always been considered as a problematic and vulnerable group in society, which makes any policy for their participation with special considerations. Therefore, the way of looking at young people and their position in the society as a citizen and the degree of awareness of their rights and obligations will be very important.
Considering the population of Iran, which according to the statistics from the 2013 census, are mostly young, and about 31.7% of the country's population are between the ages of 15 and 29, and the expansion of urbanization, high population density, the existence of various cultures and the loss of color of some of them, and mixing with urban identity, modernization and participation. Civil, the concept of citizenship is very important and knowing the components and factors affecting citizenship is becoming more important (Nikomram et al., 1390: 72).
The Skeffington Commission[1] in the UK defines citizen participation as follows: In our opinion, participation is the participation of people in formulating policies and proposals, giving information from officials and the possibility of commenting on that information is an important part of the participation process, but this is not the whole story. Full participation is realized only where people can take an active role in the planning process.
With the importance of the presence of young people in social arenas, their active citizenship also becomes important. Social participation, participating in voluntary associations, paying attention to the consumption of national production and domestic goods, following up on the important issues of the day and so on. All of these are factors that determine the active citizenship of young people. Also, the emphasis of most people in society on maintaining the nuclear family despite the expansion of cities can indicate that the family, along with its social capital, can have a great impact on the active citizenship of young people as an independent variable. 1-3 questions.
1-3 research questions
What is the social capital of the family of young people?
What is the active citizenship of young people aged 18 to 32?
What is the relationship between the social capital of the family and the active citizenship of young people?
1-4 The importance and necessity of conducting research
Since the relationship between the two variables of family social capital and active citizenship has not been investigated, the research topic is new. Active citizenship in today's society, where the majority of the population is young people, is one of the important issues that can affect other social sectors, such as: social life, political activity, voluntary membership in cultural and social affairs, etc. By measuring the level of active citizenship of young people, it is possible to plan on the parts that determine their activeness, and by developing civil partnerships through the development of trust among society members, the values ??of democracy and responsive democracy can be established. With the presence of active citizens, the society experiences positive social changes, cross-cultural understanding is created and different ethnicities accept each other easily, voluntary organizations remove many social barriers and the concept of a good citizen is facilitated.
Since the actions and reactions of people occur within collective forms that are socially constructed, things like family, group, organization, institution and in the most general form of the social structure, such forms also contain social capital. (Piran et al., 2015: 10)
On the other hand, paying attention to the social capital of the family can clarify various dimensions of participation and trust in citizens. By creating basic trust, the family creates a suitable platform for the desire for participation and social presence in young people. 5 Research Objectives The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between social capital and active citizenship of youth.
- Determining the level of active citizenship of young people.
Chapter Two
Research literature
1-2) Introduction
In this chapter, we first examine the classical and late theoretical perspectives on social capital and active citizenship, and then we use empirical studies related to the research topic.
2-2) Theoretical studies
Theoretical perspective on social capital
In any society, the social subsystem is related to other main cultural, political and economic subsystems. It is the source and realm of social relations and interactions with feelings and emotions that generate mutual obligations to connect the action Caring for each other and creating trust, solidarity, cohesion and a warm environment and synergy is necessary for physical, mental health and social vitality. In traditional societies, the dominance of the community over other sub-systems creates a warm and emotional life within small family, clan and ethnic communities, which, although considered positive for the members of each of those groups, creates problems for the development of interactions between the members of those groups and their relationships with other groups. In modern societies, despite the emergence and expansion of new civil institutions, the formation of social community, or the gathering of communities and the growth of new intergroup social capital in the form of the capitalist system and with the dominance of the system (economic and political micro-systems) over the vital world [2] (social-cultural micro-systems), life has become relatively cold and soulless and communicative actions have been overshadowed by instrumental actions. 197-198).
Social capital in the works of experts and classical views
The subject of social capital in the objective and structural dimension at the macro level is considered by Durkheim, its mental or cognitive dimension at the micro level by Weber and Mead, and its communication and interactional dimension at the level of the network of relationships is considered by Simmel.