Knowledge of the handicrafts used in the traditional architecture of the Qajar period of Ardakan city

Dissertation to receive Master's degree

Industries Group Dasti

Bahman 92

Introduction

Traditional architecture has long been influenced by culture and climate, while the climate varies in different regions of Iran, and Ardakan city with its hot and dry climate has the special architecture of this region, and traditional arts related to the traditional architecture of the city, with the influence of this climate; It seeks to provide suitable conditions for a better life. Also, the culture of each region has a significant effect on the architecture and traditional arts related to it, which with the change of culture and especially the religious beliefs in each period, the architecture and traditional arts related to it have also changed and are affected by it. It is an Islamic period and it is not a long distance to the present era, and there are many houses left in Ardakan city from this period, which were selected for investigation in this research. It is investigated. Ardakan city is located in Yazd province, in the decorations related to the architecture of the Qajar era, porcelain knots and vases are made of wood and decorated with colored glass. To control the amount of light passing into the building and to control visibility in such a way that the observer from the outside cannot see the inside of the building and this is in the case that the people of the house had complete control over the whole house and due to the presence of doors and windows, they can even control the whole house while sitting. Chalengari is another one of these arts that we see in this region and among the arts related to architecture. These arts can be seen in the house of Tadisi, which is one of the prominent houses that survived this era. In the fourth chapter, the full introduction of these decorations has been made with an emphasis on the house of Tadisi.

1-1 Definition of the subject (problem definition, purpose of implementation and application of research results)

Architecture and decorations have had a long-standing relationship, and the architecture of the houses of the Qajar era in Ardakan city, which is the most prominent house of Kadsiri; It is not excluded from this and we clearly see the effect of climate on the decorations related to its traditional architecture. The architecture of Ardakan city of Yazd with its hot and dry climate has elements and spaces that the residents have created to adapt to its hot and desert climate. Plumbing is a branch of these traditional arts. The craftsman, by hammering on taffeta iron, produces products such as hammers, latches, foot latches, small rings, etc. produces In their form and motifs, the influence of the Qajar culture can be clearly seen.

Another group of these decorations that includes porcelain knots, glass and glass, and the place of their performance is five doors, windows and skylights above them. Traditional architects took the power of light (and shadow) by using these arts. They paid particular attention to the issue of illuminating small spaces in such a way that too much light, especially in hot environments, does not cause the ambient temperature to rise; The use of small colored glass and wood, with their special decorations as building materials in the Qajar architecture of this city, is a sign of the traditional architects of this period paying attention to the climatic conditions. According to the principle of avoiding futility in Iranian architectural style; All of these arts have uses and are not just used for decorations. The culture of the Qajar period had a great influence on the selection and implementation of decorations related to the traditional architecture of this period of history, which can be seen well in the handicrafts related to the architecture left over from this period. This effect can be seen in the plumbing, in the shape of the drums, in the Chinese knot, in the colored glass, and in the tall windows that can control the environment of the house even while sitting.This influence has shown itself in the changari, in the shape of the drums and in the Chinese knots in the colored glass and in the tall windows that even while sitting you can control the environment of the house.

In this research, an attempt was made to know and investigate the influence of the climate of the region and the culture of the Qajar community on the decorations related to the architecture of the Qajar period of Ardakan city with an emphasis on the house. It is appreciated, and at the end of this research, the method of making and implementing the aforementioned handicrafts is mentioned. It is hoped that by becoming more familiar with traditional arts, a step will be taken to preserve and revive these arts.

1-2- Necessity of conducting research

The following necessity caused this research to be carried out following the investigations:

  Due to the urbanization and modernization of the majority of people these days, we are witnessing the combination of handicrafts and architecture less and less. Branches of handicrafts that have been the ornament of traditional architecture are becoming obsolete today, and this is the case that Islamic culture still maintains its place among people. 1-3 Research History Following the investigations carried out in the field of research, there are books, articles and theses that are about This category is under discussion. Here some examples of this research are introduced.

In the field of Iranian wooden artifacts, in an article written by Majid Sarikhani, which was published in the 55th month of Art magazine, entitled "The way of making Iranian wooden artifacts in the Islamic era". It has been published. We read about the glass doors and windows that were made in the form of a lattice in the Qajar period. But he did not introduce its types and did not mention its construction and function in the building and its relationship with the culture of that period. Dr. Mohammad Khazaei and Dr. Qabad Kiamhar in an article titled "Concepts and Numerical Expressions in Safavid Chinese Knot" They examine Iranian Chinese knots from this point of view (Month of Art, April and May 1385). Asiya Shafipour introduces sashes and talks about the Chinese knot and its use and function. Masoumeh Tehrani in her article entitled "Introducing Chinese knot skylights in traditional architecture" It introduces the types and functions of windows in general and has not examined windows in terms of climate and culture and only introduces windows in general (Growth of Art Education, 5th Term/Number 1, 1386). Qajar of Tehran and Safavieh of Isfahan» The title of Yaser Ghasemi's Master's Thesis, which was written in 2007 and was on the subject of arts and handicrafts. In this research, he has studied the visual, quantitative and qualitative features and values ??of Garh works. Master thesis of student: Arzo Khanpour with the title "Study of the impact of glass imports on glass production during the Qajar era". It was published in 1390, the subject of which is art; import of glass, and this research examines imported glass and domestic production, with the aim of why Iran's efforts to transform traditional glass workshops into industrial factories have been unsuccessful;

In the research conducted in the field of plumbing, Maryam Kian in an article entitled " Plumbing in traditional arts" He has explained about Chilan and Chalengari in the book of the month of art of Khordad and Tir 1381. In this article, Maryam Kian has described the products of blacksmithing and their performance, and has not explained the performance and tools of blacksmithing.

Also, student Samieh Khosravi, master's thesis entitled "Anthropological analysis of hammer crafts of Borujerd city (blacksmithing, blacksmithing, blacksmithing)" has presented in 2017, which has the subject of humanities and anthropology and introduces the hammer crafts of Borujerd city, including waxing, blacksmithing and plumbing.

In the field of architectural decorations, the following were obtained