Dissertation for Master's Degree in Architecture
Architecture-Architecture Orientation
Autumn 2013
Chapter 1- Generalities
1-1-Statement of the problem:
In terms of climatic diversity, Iran is considered a special example among other countries in the world, and perhaps it is rare to find a country that has so many different climates. In Iran, hot and dry, cold and mountainous, moderate and humid and hot and humid weather can be observed in different regions of the country.
This variety of weather has a direct impact on the lifestyle of the people as well as their architecture and urban planning, so that the buildings and the way of urban development and the materials used in each region depend on the climate there. in any place according to the weather of that area and The need of humans for more cold or heat and to reach different architectural comfort conditions can be seen, and also the materials used to build the buildings were from the local materials of that region.
In the past, due to the difficult transportation of materials, it was tried to use the materials available in the same areas to build the buildings. Meanwhile, the northern edge of the Alborz mountain range, which is located in the south of the Mazandaran Sea, has a special and different climatic quality compared to other regions of Iran, and its most important feature and distinction from other regions of Iran is the abundance of rainfall and air humidity. Also, in terms of the environment, the proximity to the sea and the vast and large forest bodies make this region of Iran different from other climatic regions. Gilan province, as the westernmost and wettest part of this region, has a special type of native architecture that has been formed in a way that is compatible with the climate of this region over the years.
In this province, both in urban architecture and in rural architecture, a special type of architecture can be seen, which is in line with the richness of forests and the presence of wood in this region. As it was said, in the past, the materials of Bom Ward have been used to build buildings. In this province, due to the presence of vast forests and fertile soil, trees were used to build buildings, so that wood was used in all the buildings, both in the city and in the villages.
Most of the buildings in this province are made of wood from the foundation to the roof, and because they used resistant wood, these buildings had a long life and did not perish quickly. Various methods have been used to build these buildings. In this province, we see a great variety of buildings, each of which has its own special attraction. At that time, carpenters played an important role in this province, rather than buildings playing an essential role in the construction of buildings. How to work with wood, how to connect them, the tools that are used to make them, and what kind of wood to use where, are in the mastery of carpenters.
Due to the high humidity in this area, wood is the best option for building buildings because any other material is not resistant to high humidity like wood, and it quickly perishes. The choice of wood used in different parts of a building is of particular importance. Another point is that wood, in addition to having many advantages, also has disadvantages. Identification of wood and which part of the building is best used for each wood according to its advantages requires experience and knowledge of many trees, which carpenters and builders had sufficient knowledge of in that period.
Wood has played both a very strong structural role and a strong architectural role in the construction of buildings in Gilan province. In other parts of the country, if wood was used for architectural elements such as doors and windows, but in the north of Iran, especially in Gilan province, wood has played the role of all the materials used in other parts of the country. In this province, wood has been used for the construction of the skeleton of the building, but for the construction of the foundation, up to the roofs, columns and walls, as well as for the construction of all structural elements, wood was used in different ways. To make all architectural elements such as doors, windows, stairs, fences, etc. only this element has been used and wood has also been used in the construction of household items.
This research seeks to investigate and analyze the presence of wood elements in the native architecture of this region and seeks to categorize and research the presence of wooden elements in the architecture and structure of buildings in this region through field and library studies and presence on the native buildings of this province. Dealing with topics such as the knowledge of the types of wood used, the presence of these woods in buildings, the methods of wood processing and preparation, the use of wood as a decorative element, the presence of wood as a structural element in a building, and similar topics constitute the main parts of this research. And the material has been well attended. Therefore, it would not be so strange to expect that many people in the past historical periods and different geographical areas have stepped on the path of research related to wood. Now, whether these researches are directly related to the field of construction and architecture, or whether they shed some light on the topic of wood from other angles.
Since the focus of the upcoming research is related to the presence of wood in architecture and construction. H
B- Scientific articles
C- Academic researches
D- Other researches
The point that should be noted before stating the background of the research is that due to the available capacities in the upcoming research, here we have to mention only limited cases and naturally we will go to those sources that will help us in the path of this research. Bromberge, Kristian, 1370, housing and architecture in the rural community of Gilan, Aladdin Gohghir, Tehran, 1st edition
Zamrshidi, Hossein, 1389, Iranian architecture of building with traditional materials, Tehran, 11th edition 2 -
3- Memarian, Gholam Hossein, 1391, Iranian residential architecture of extroverted archeology, Tehran, 6th edition
4- Rahmanian, Jamshid 1387, design of wooden structures, University of Science and Technology, Tehran
5-Holan, Jerri, 1990, Norwegian Wood: A Tradition of Building, Rizzoli First edition
6-Makoto, Suzuki, 1979, Wooden Houses, Harry N Abrams; 1st Am. ed. Edition
7-A. J. Bicknell & Co, 2006, Victorian Wooden and Brick Houses with Details, Dover Publications. Let's take a look, we can access many magazines and therefore many articles. For example, we can mention significant articles that are related to wood science and forestry, but among the articles related to wood and architecture, the following examples can be mentioned:
1 - Yousefi, 1385, Vachini and again Chinese rural houses in the Jalga East of Gilan province, Kunduj magazine, number 2
Khakpur, 1384, Construction of stylish houses in Gilan, Fine Arts Journal, number 25 2 -
3- Mousavi, 1386, Khaneh Ya Mirsiar, Kanduj Magazine, No. 4
4- Stephen, Tobriner, 1999, Wooden Architecture and Earthquakes in Turkey
5- YAMATO, Satoshi, 2005, The Tradition of Wooden Architecture in Japan
6- Adem Dogangun, Iskender Tuluk, 2008, Traditional wooden buildings and their damages during earthquakes in Turkey
C- Academic researches
These researches can be examined mainly in two categories, master's and doctoral theses, as well as academic research projects. Unfortunately, our hands are not full in this field either, and we only limit ourselves to some limited cases found.