The influence of the structural characteristics of handwoven carpets (type of knot, type of thread and number of layers of pile thread) in determining its functional properties.

Master's Thesis of Ardakan Faculty of Art and Architecture

Carpet Group (raw materials and dyeing)

October 2013

Abstract:

During the period of its use, the handwoven carpet may be affected by various factors and environmental conditions such as types of compressive, tensile and bending forces, humidity, heat, etc. its final effect. The functional properties of the carpet are determined based on the structural features and the properties and characteristics of the raw materials used in it, especially the pile yarns in terms of the type of fibers, the grade of single and multi-layer yarn, the number of layers, etc. Achieving an optimal level of durability and maintaining the structure of the carpet is one of the important factors that creates a kind of trust and confidence in its consumers and is an influential factor in the development of its sales markets. In this research, the effect of some structural characteristics of the handmade carpet and the properties and characteristics of the raw materials used on the functional properties of the carpet has been investigated. For this purpose, 3 factors of knot type, type of warp thread and number of layers of pile thread were considered as variable factors and 12 samples  Hand-woven carpets were woven with two types of woolen and cotton threads, Persian and Turkish knots, and 2, 4, and 8 ply pile threads, under the same conditions. On the sample of woven carpets, 3 tests of static loading, measurement of knot strength and dimensional stability were performed. In order to quantitatively express the functional properties of the carpet, 4 indices of compression percentage, percentage of thickness loss, shrinkage percentage and pulling force of the pile from the carpet were defined and calculated, and the results related to the aforementioned indicators were analyzed using the statistical software minitab.

The results of ANOVA test and Tukey test show that among the variable factors of the type of knot, the best results in determining the indexes of percentage loss of thickness and percentage of compression are related to samples woven with Persian knot and the most favorable results In determining the indices of dimensional stability and knot strength, it was related to samples woven with Turkish knot. Regarding the variables of the number of layers of pile thread and the type of pile thread, 8 ply pile thread and wool pile in determining all the studied indicators, 

Keywords: handwoven carpet - functional properties - type of knot - number of layers - thread type

Chapter 1

Research overview

1-1 Introduction

The taste and artistic creativity of every society is rooted and inspired by the traditions and historical records and environment of the members of that nation. Among the arts that have reached perfection and mastery in this land over time, and the Iranian artist's taste has had ample opportunity to manifest in that area, is the art of carpet weaving. The reason for this prosperity, in addition to the inherent characteristics of Iranians such as artistic love and tolerance, should be considered in the abundance of raw materials suitable for the production of carpets, such as high-quality wool and various types of dyeing plants. "Hasoori, 1379, p. 35". Over the centuries, early humans were introduced to industries such as basket weaving by interweaving plant fibers and animal skins. The basic rugs consisted of soft animal skins and soft plant fibers and buria" (Schenbrenner, 1374, p. 1). With the passage of time and the growth of human civilization, the art and craft of weaving among ancient tribes and civilizations has made significant progress, and the stages of textile production, especially carpets, have changed a lot, from thread spinning to dyeing and weaving. In the production of handwoven carpets, various materials such as cotton, wool and silk are used with different numbers and sizes for warp and weft. Among all the fibers, wool fiber is used more in the handwoven carpet industry of Iran as pile fiber. In the handwoven carpet industry, thick and fine wool fibers are mixed together and spun in a woolen or semi-faston spinning system. M. Dayiarya, S. Shaikhzadeh, M. Shamsiba., 2008. The duration of its use may change under the influence of various factors and environmental conditions such as compressive, tensile and bending forces, humidity, heat, etc., which will affect its quality and final performance. In terms of structure, piled carpets consist of two parts: the flat layer underneath and the layer of pile threads, each part having distinct structural characteristics. The lower part (back) of the carpet consists of two series of threads (yarn and weft) in the vertical and horizontal direction and a part of the pile thread that is wrapped around the threads and has structural characteristics such as the type of knot, the type of warp thread, the method of wefting and so on.Section of the layer of villi  It also has characteristics such as pile height, pile density, pile thread score, pile thread count and so on. It is "Nasiri, 1374, p. 35". In general, carpets during use are usually exposed to two types of static loads (such as table and chair bases) and dynamic loads (such as walking on the carpet), the pile threads of the carpet are condensed due to these loads, and each pile leg is individually under different states of deformation caused by axial pressure, bending, stretching, stretching, and cutting. Carnaby, G.A., Wood, E.J., 1989". Sleeping or spreading of carpet piles after compressive load and the lack of optimal mechanical performance of the compressive properties of piles while walking reduces human comfort during activities on the carpet such as standing and walking. The mechanical performance of the pile layer has a significant effect on the comfort of consumption and walking on the carpet, including the elasticity of the piles after applying the compressive load (walking), the lack of flattening of the piles, and the preservation of the characteristics of the pile thread (short). and the thinning of the thread) pointed out after breaking. In addition, different conditions of temperature and humidity and even conditions of uneven heat distribution (such as spreading on the heating pipes under the floor, in front of the fireplace) affect the dimensional properties of the carpet. Therefore, the compressive behavior of carpets against loading, as well as their dimensional stability against environmental factors, has an effect on their mechanical performance.Wu, J., Pan, N., Williams, K.R., 2007. Handwoven carpets are one of the most practical types of flooring among people due to their compatibility with the environment and the human body and their special features, such as insulation against cold and heat. Therefore, maintaining the structure of the carpet and reaching an optimal level of durability is one of the important issues that improve the quality of this product and creates a kind of trust and confidence in the consumers, and it is an influential factor in the development of its sales markets. Considering that the functional properties of the carpet as a textile with the use of floor covering are determined based on the properties and characteristics of the raw materials used, especially the pile yarns in terms of fiber type, single-ply and multi-ply yarn score and single-ply and multi-ply yarn warp, the structural characteristics of the carpet, including pile density and height, the type of knot and weave system and even the type of finishes done on it. Onder, E., Berkalp, O.B. 2001, therefore, in this research, by testing the performance of the carpet against environmental factors and conditions such as compressive force, tensile force, and humidity, the influence of the structural factors of the handwoven carpet: change in the type of knot, difference in the number of layers of pile thread, and change in the type of warp yarn is discussed on the functional properties of the carpet. The warp yarn used and the number of layers of pile yarn used in the functional properties of handwoven carpet against environmental factors (moisture) and applying force (compressive and tensile). Maintaining the structure of the carpet and reaching an optimal level of durability are important factors that lead to the improvement of the quality of the carpet. In order to ensure the optimal performance of the carpet and provide a standard in this field, it is of great importance to determine the quality indicators for the raw materials and the appropriate weaving technique in the carpet production process, which will provide the final quality and satisfaction of the consumers of this product. 1-3 Necessity of conducting research The hand-woven carpet as an authentic art in Iran has a long history among Iranian arts and is an expression of culture and It is the origin of Iranian art-loving people. Having a good quality in this product, in addition to influencing the progress of its sales market, can be an important factor in creating trust and confidence among consumers. Therefore, in order to standardize the handwoven carpet, it is necessary to determine indicators for the quality of its raw materials. Pile yarn, as one of the most important raw materials in hand-woven carpets, has characteristics such as fiber type, single and multi-ply thread count, thread twist, etc., which affect the final properties of the carpet. We know that pile yarns with different grade and number of layers are used in various counts, and that the difference in the number of layers or thread count may affect the mechanical reaction of the pile layer against compressive forces, therefore, determining the appropriate grade and number of layers for the pile thread used for each count can help in improving the resistance of piles against compressive forces and can provide a standard in this field.