Optimizing the process of extraction, dyeing and stability properties of Ronas and Vesme dyes with the help of ultrasonication

Master's Thesis of Faculty of Art and Architecture

Department: Carpet (dyeing)

October 2013

Abstract:

Today, in the advanced and industrial world, by using modern methods, efforts are being made to obtain more economical products from a quantitative and qualitative point of view. As we know, Iranian hand-woven carpets have considerable fame and popularity in the world.

In this research work, the use of ultrasonic waves was used to extract and dye wool fibers with Runas and Wasme dyes. The effect of ultrasonic waves on color strength, absorption spectrum, reflection spectrum, optical stability and washing was investigated. Also, SEM and FTIR analysis of the samples were studied.

The results showed that the extraction and dyeing with the help of ultrasonic waves had more color strength than the conventional dyeing conditions. The results of SEM images of dyed samples show the accumulation of dye particles on the fiber surface. In addition, the optical and washing stability of the mentioned samples were evaluated very well.

Key words: natural dyes - ultrasonic waves - dyeing -  color stability -  extraction.

Chapter 1

Overview

1-1  Introduction

Since man Primitives tried to add colors to the world around them, they used natural dyes for coloring. Natural dyes obtained from plants and minerals have been used by humans since ancient times. Early humans used colors to make up their appearance and painted their bodies with them. Over time, some dyes were used as a treatment for some diseases. Also, natural dyes give food and drinks a special appeal. The most important use of natural dyes was revealed when man learned the art of spinning and weaving and used them to dye yarn for the production of clothes and flooring "Mantazar et al., 1388, p. 1".

The dyeing of natural wool fibers has been done by dyers with local natural dyes since the distant past. This art and craft of dyeing has been passed down from generation to generation, and by mixing with Iranian art, it has shown itself in the hand-woven carpet "Montazer.M.2001" as a national and cultural work. One of the most important natural dyes used for dyeing wool, cotton and silk fibers is the dyes found in the root [1] and leaves of Vesmeh [2]. Runas is synonymous with red color in all languages. Centuries ago, Ronas was cultivated to prepare natural red dyes in Europe, Asia, and America "2007. Surowiec. I., et, al ". In Iran, runas is cultivated in the provinces of Azarbaijan, Mazandaran, Yazd and some parts of Kerman, and it grows wildly throughout Iran. It is worth mentioning that the best type of runas in Iran has been identified around Yazd. Dyes prepared from Ronas are classified in the group of hydroxyanthraquinone dyes [3] and only have a tendency to absorb dentate fibers [4] given "Cardon.D.2003".

Ronas has a long history. So that all the coats of Napoleon's army and the red coat of British soldiers in the 18th and 19th centuries were dyed using this dye. When synthetic alizarin[5] entered the market in 1868, the use of runas as textile dyes declined. However, its use has not been stopped until today. It is worth mentioning that Ronas also has a medical history, as the root of this plant has been used to treat kidney and bladder stones. Jager.I.et,al.2006". The main application of dyes prepared from Ronas plant is in dyeing wool, cotton, silk fibers and printing them. Cuoco.G.et,al.2009". Recent classical studies show that dyes extracted from Ronas have relatively good washing and light fastness, and the value of these fastnesses is higher for wool fibers compared to silk and cotton fibers "Clementi.C.et, al.2007". Fortunately, since indigo [6] can be obtained from many plant samples in different parts of the world, it was widely used earlier than other natural dyes. The word "Indigo" It refers to the blue substance derived from the leaves of various plants such as Vesmeh." Indican "[7] is the raw material and the source of indigo dye extraction, which is present in the leaves of all indigo plants. Dyeing with indigo is a difficult task and requires several operations before it gives color. Paul.J.B. 1998". For dyeing with indigo, it is enough to revive it with regenerating substances, which is called loco dye, and then make it soluble with the help of alkali so that it is absorbed by the fiber, and after dyeing by oxidation, the dye is introduced into the fiber in an insoluble form until the color of the fiber appears "Sandberg.G.1989". Since the process of dyeing based on natural dyes is important from the point of view of the environment and the reduction of industrial pollution, and they are increasingly receiving attention, it obliges us to use new methods that have minimal environmental pollution. Among these special and modern methods, we can mention: dyeing without water, dyeing with CO2, dyeing with plasma [8], dyeing with microwave [9], dyeing with ultrasonic waves [10]. In this research, the dyeing conditions will be improved in ultrasonic conditions. With the advancement of technology and the use of ultrasonic waves as one of the basic foundations of physics and its wide applications in industry and medicine, textile science researchers decided to use these waves in the textile industry, and this research began in the fifties and continues until now, and the result of this research is the extensive use of ultrasonic waves in washing, bleaching, mercerization [11] and dyeing processes. The use of ultrasonic system [12] in textile dyeing can be explained as follows: When ultrasonic waves are absorbed in the liquid system, the phenomenon of creating bubbles occurs. The formation of bubbles and its disintegration can release trapped gases from liquid or porous surfaces of textiles or dyes "Hadadiyan Taft, 1387". In this research, in order to improve the extraction process[13] and   dyeing of woolen goods   with Ronas and Wasmeh dyes, the extraction and dyeing method of ultrasound at a frequency of 50 to 60 kHz was used. Based on the comparison of this technique and the common dyeing method, an increase in color absorption and dyeing stability was observed in the dyed woolen goods. 1-2 Necessity of conducting research Today, in the advanced and industrialized world, by using modern methods, efforts are being made to obtain more cost-effective products from a quantitative and qualitative point of view. As we know, Iranian hand-woven carpets have considerable fame and popularity in the world. Regarding the deteriorating art of dyeing, it is also necessary to pay attention to the fact that the use of modern methods can compensate for its current shortcomings. Among these special and modern methods is dyeing in ultrasonic conditions, the advantages of which include the following:

1-  Saving energy by dyeing at lower temperatures and less time.

2-  Improving environmental conditions by reducing the consumption of auxiliary chemicals in the process.

3-  Improving the process with the possibility of color shade control.

4- Gradually reducing the cost of the process, as a result of increasing the competitiveness of the industry.

5-  Reusing the waste left behind for re-dyeing.

6- Better extraction of the dye from the desired part of the plant and as a result the optimal use of natural dyes.

7-  Economic efficiency "Ahrari, 1386, pp. 18 - 22". The first step is to identify the characteristics of two plants, Ronas and Vesmeh, and extract colored substances from these plants. The most and most important method of extracting pigment from plants is the methods of boiling and soaking the powder of the desired parts of the plant with water according to the weight of the pigment and placing it in a state of rest (for the pigment and in a dark place) at different times.

In this research, an ultrasonic device is used to extract the pigment and dye. Ultrasonic waves to speed up chemical reactions and increase physical processes such as cleaning, emulsion [14], extraction, dyeing, finishing operations and so on. is used