Master group of Handicrafts
Dissertation for Master's degree
October 2012
Abstract
Mankind was able to survive by adapting to the natural environment and in the meantime, while influencing and restraining the forces of nature, it is also affected by nature. He was objective and he observed with his own eyes, it was acceptable to him, nature with its various elements was divided into four elements for him, each of which had an effect on each other and in his life in a cause and effect manner.
Using painting as a visual expression was a factor to express the narrative of life and human understanding of everything he has seen. Engraved pottery are good visual examples of the beliefs, fears, hopes and failures of mankind throughout history. In a descriptive-analytical way, an attempt is made to analyze the motifs and find their roots in the beliefs and effects of nature on these motifs in a descriptive-analytical way.
Key words: (lema cemetery, pottery, motifs)
Chapter 1
Research plan
Introduction
Discovering the cemetery of Lema As a historical site from the middle to the modern era of Ilam, in the province of Kohgiluyeh and Boyar Ahmad, it is unique in its own way. It is similar because the mentioned site is the first settlement of the Elam civilization in this province and it has created a new hope for the discovery of such sites. Among the funerary objects discovered from this cemetery, the painted terracotta vessels are very valuable, because these designs They are the narrators of the life and beliefs of the people of that time. The terracotta motifs of Lemma cemetery are based on the beliefs of the Elamites and being influenced by nature. To achieve this goal, the ancient site of Lemma has been introduced first, which includes the introduction of geography, history, morphology of graves, burial methods and burial objects. To introduce and show And the classification of the discovered pottery from Lema cemetery has been discussed. For this purpose, it was possible to access the images of the pottery through the archives of the Yasouj Museum, and then, based on the pattern, the pottery was divided into two groups with patterns and without patterns And for each category of pottery, coded slips have been considered. These slips contain appearance specifications such as size, manufacturing technique, role, extensions, opening, function, form, color of pottery and their firing. Due to the large volume of slips, all of them have been refrained from being included in the research text and have been placed in the appendices section. It has been classified and organized through the display of images, forms and tables of features. Patterned pottery is divided into two categories based on the type of motifs. The vessels are divided by geometric and line patterns and the motifs have been examined in various tables. After the introduction and display of Lemma pottery, based on the first hypothesis of the research based on the influence of Elamite beliefs on pottery motifs, the use of Lemma motifs on drinking vessels and storage of liquids strengthens the connection of this issue with one of the beliefs about water among the Elamites (the two gods, Tir and Nahid).
Do Meaning, while investigating these beliefs, their symbology was also discussed and among the motifs of Lemma pottery, these signs were searched for. In the next chapter, the effect of nature on Lemma motifs has been discussed, in this regard, the natural characteristics and elements of the nature of the Lemma area have been introduced, and based on these elements, the pottery motifs have been examined. Located in the province of Kohgiluyeh and Boyar Ahmad, it was discovered as a historical site in 1378. Geographically, this cemetery is located on the banks of the Bashar River, 15 kilometers northwest of Patawe city and 65 kilometers northwest of Yasuj, the capital of the province. According to archaeologists, Lema cemetery dates back to the middle to modern Ilam period. The discovery of this cemetery and its belonging to the most important historical civilization of southwest Iran can help us to know more about the civilization of Ilam and the extent of the territory. Its geography helps.They were buried along with the human skeleton. Among the objects found in these graves, pottery objects are important, which mostly include all kinds of cups, jars, and bowls. They are baked brown on the body, which is a type of glaze. So far, a detailed investigation on Lemma pottery motifs and their classification It has not been done in order to be able to correctly compare these motifs with the pottery motifs of the Elam civilization, in order to identify the origins of the pottery motifs and to identify as much as possible the pottery art of the ancient civilization of Elam. According to what has been explained, the general purpose of this research is to identify the motifs of the pottery of Lema cemetery and find the origin of the motifs by matching them with the remaining pottery motifs of the Elam civilization.
2-1-Research questions
1-Are the motifs of Lema pottery influenced by the religious beliefs of the Elamites?
2-Has the nature of the Lema region influenced the motifs of Lema pottery?
3-1-Hypotheses
Archaeologists consider the area of ??Lema cemetery Geographically, they attribute it to the cold part of the ancient civilization of Elam in the middle period. Here, two issues are worth mentioning. The first issue is that in the case of temporary settlement and migration of the Elamites in this region in the hot seasons, there is a possibility of bringing the culture and customs of the Elamite life to this region, which can be found in the pottery patterns of this cemetery. The first hypothesis is put forward in this way: Elamian, over The motifs of Lemma pottery have been impressive.
The second problem is the lack of discovery of the settlements at the same time in the Lemma area, so that through it one can get to know their way of life and their arts and crafts. Archaeologists consider the reason for this to be uneven geographical conditions. The accidental discovery of Lema cemetery was made due to the activity of road construction machines in the province, perhaps there are similar areas in the region and it was not possible to discover it due to the bad geographical conditions. Archaeologists have considered Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmed as a special region due to its geographical location and the only connection route between the center of the country and the south of the country from ancient times until now. be The discovery of large quantities of pottery pieces from the Lema region doubles the possibility of the existence of the pottery art-industry in the region, therefore, it makes it impossible to bring this number of fragile vessels from a distant route such as Khuzestan and its surroundings to this area with the difficulties of travel.
4-1-Methods of collecting information and related tools
Descriptive & ndash;
5-1-Method of collecting information
Library
6-1-Necessity of conducting research
Categories and Root tracing of Lema pottery motifs
7-1-Research tools
Photos, scanning, internet, observation
8-1-Research background
Lema cemetery was discovered in 1378 Shamsi and the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province in this historical area He did archeology and in this field, he has published a field report and a manual by his expert engineers, and he has transferred all the objects of the cemetery to the Yasouj Museum, but so far no research work has been done in the field of pottery decorative patterns. A thesis was also done in this field by an undergraduate student by Fahima Abdul Rezaei at the Ardakan Faculty of Art and Architecture, which was only prepared in the form of a report and has no images.
9-1-Statistical population
The statistical population of this research includes all 53 excavated graves, burial objects of the graves, 185 terracotta containers, maps and geographical images of Lema Cemetery.
Chapter Two
Lema Cemetery
-2- Geographical location
Lema Cemetery in South side of Lema village It is located 10 kilometers north of Pataweh district of Dena city in Kohgiluyeh province and Boyar Ahmad. Lema cemetery is about 100 kilometers south of Lema Alia village. It is located on the slope of a rocky wall in the area of ??Boyar Ahmad Sefali.