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Sustainable housing with an emphasis on open and semi-open spaces

Number of pages: 159 File Format: Not Specified File Code: 29504
Year: Not Specified University Degree: Not Specified Category: Architectural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: architecture - housing - open space - residential complex
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  • Summary of Sustainable housing with an emphasis on open and semi-open spaces

    Dissertation for Master's Degree

    in

    Architecture

    06/93

    Abstract

     

    Today, due to the application of massification and downsizing policy in large urban communities, traditional housing has lost its meaning and meaning, and following the reduction of functions, it is reduced to a shelter, and residential complexes without providing elements and activities complement, expand. The passage of time makes changes in needs and concepts inevitable, but some needs, especially spiritual and personal, have a stable nature, and the passage of time may change them only in terms of form. Among such needs, he pointed out the human need to connect with nature and open space, solitude and the expansion of social relations, which manifests itself in housing architecture in open spaces (courtyards, etc.) and semi-open spaces (porches, etc.). This research deals with the conceptual and functional investigation of open and semi-open spaces in housing architecture. Open spaces such as courtyards and semi-open spaces such as porches are proposed as a space of residential architecture that has formal, conceptual and functional richness, and its existence next to closed space leads to pure spatial experiences. From this point of view, it first examines the history of the emergence of residential complexes in Iran, and then the recognition of these spaces in terms of meaning with two traditional approaches and construction criteria, and in the next step, these spaces are explained as climatic elements in order to create sustainable architecture. The purpose of this research is the need to pay attention to open and semi-open spaces as a factor in increasing the quality and spatial richness of the house, as well as an influential factor in reducing energy consumption and realizing sustainable architecture. Some of the studies are in the library and some are in the field. In library studies, information has been collected through books, magazines and theses related to the subject. In field studies, the importance of open and semi-open space in residential complexes has been done through examining internal and external case examples. In conclusion, considering the concept of open and semi-open space and its influence as a stabilizing element in residential architecture, suggestions and  Architectural recommendations for the design of contemporary housing are provided.

    Introduction

    Housing has always been a part of the basic needs of humans and always following the evolution of humans, housing has also undergone an evolutionary path in terms of quality and quantity. But with the passage of time and facing problems such as population increase and lack of land, architects and designers were forced to build high-rise residential complexes and subsequently reduce public open spaces, which in the past were a space for communication between humans and the environment as well as humans with humans, which caused the quality of housing to decline. These complexes, without paying attention to mental needs, have only provided physical needs, not fully constructed, ignoring the fact that psychological needs such as social interactions, privacy, etc. are not being considered. It causes an increase in social anomalies and, as a result, a decrease in urban security. And God placed your homes for you to live in. (Holy Qur'an, Surah Nahl: verse 80)

    Statement of the problem

    Finding a place to live and feel comfortable from it is one of the most important human needs throughout history. The house as an element that provides this need has a special importance, due to the role and spatial and functional importance of open and semi-open spaces in traditional life and the continuation of this role until today, it is better to consider this important in the design of contemporary houses. Also, the positive climatic function of open and semi-open spaces in adjusting the air in the house and preventing sunlight during hot times of the year cannot be ignored either. Examples of open and semi-open spaces have played a colorful role in housing since the past, and many individual and social activities have taken place there. Considering that in today's architecture we are facing a change in the way of life, increase in population and lack of land, the patterns of housing architecture have also changed. This research aims to provide solutions for the revitalization of open and semi-open spaces as a platform for the presence of nature and architecture compatible with the climate by taking advantage of renewable energies through the correct design of open and semi-open spaces and finally achieving a sustainable housing model, taking into account new issues such as density, economic issues and sustainable development.

     

    Research objectives

    1 – Emphasis on the concept of open and semi-open space by recognizing the criteria and principles of sustainable design. 2- Creating a living and organic architecture by reviewing and recognizing open and semi-open space in traditional architecture and translating it into contemporary language. Semi-open and closed in Iranian housing design

    1-4 Assumptions

    1) It seems that the role and function of open and semi-open spaces as one of the components of sustainability in today's housing remains unknown.

    (It seems that today's Iranian housing architecture only cares about the building itself and the issue of economy, and the role of the natural environment and renewable energy in the design of sustainable housing has been neglected.

    1-5 research questions

    The main question of the research (research problem): The main problem in this research is the lack of attention to the role and function of open and semi-open space in creating sustainable housing in today's architecture. In this research, an attempt will be made to answer the following questions.

    1 – In today's Iranian architecture, to what extent is the role and function of open and semi-open spaces considered in sustainable housing?

    2 – What is the concept of open and semi-open space and its function in sustainable housing?

    6 research methods

    Some of the studies are in the library and some are in the field. In library studies, information has been collected through books, magazines and theses related to the subject. In field studies, the importance of open and semi-open space in residential complexes has been investigated through internal and external case studies. 1-7 Definition of words Albedo: Albedo or albedo means the percentage of light reflection from the surface of an object. The values ??of this quantity can change from zero (absolute darkness) to one (absolute light). Albedo is sometimes expressed as a percentage and sometimes with a decimal number smaller than one.

    Microclimate:

     The weather pattern on a small scale is called the microclimate of that area.

    Open space:

     Open space is a space that does not have a roof and walls. If there is, it does not block these spaces from all directions. Open space is often considered as public and semi-public spaces, and only the balcony and the private yard of the open space are private at the same time.

    Semi-open space:

    The distance between the closed and open spaces surrounded by it can be known as the connecting space between the two. The set of elements whose main use is to separate the open space from the covered space of the building, they are responsible for a considerable spatial mobility in the work of combining the interior and exterior spaces.

    Pmv:

      Thermal sensation that includes the range from cold (-3) to hot (3+). In this model, the range of +1 to -1 is considered as the range of thermal comfort.

    T sk :

    Average body skin temperature

    Tcore :

    Average internal body temperature

     

    2-1 Introduction

    The need for shelter is a material, spiritual and natural need. Home as a place of living is the first space that every person gets acquainted with and feels oneness with it and feels ownership towards it. And people's first perception of space takes place at home.   In this chapter, we first introduce typology  urban housing and then the history of the formation of residential complexes and finally the open and semi-open spaces in this type of urban housing (residential complexes) which are very popular today will be briefly discussed.

  • Contents & References of Sustainable housing with an emphasis on open and semi-open spaces

    Chapter One (Research Overview)

    (1-1) Introduction 1

    (1-2)-Problem Statement 1

    (1-3)-Research Objectives 1

    (1-4)-Research Hypotheses 2

    (1-5)-Research Questions 2

    (1-5)-Research Method 2

    (1-6)-Definition of words 3

    Chapter Two (housing studies)

    (2-1)-Introduction 4

    (2-2)-Housing in the current century (with an environmental and social sustainability approach) 4

    (2-3)-Typology of urban housing 4

    (2-4)-Residential complexes 6

    (2-4-1)-History of the formation of residential complexes 6

    (2-4-2)-Pathology of residential complexes 7

    (2-4-3)-Examination of open and semi-open spaces in residential complexes 7

    (2-4-3-1)-Flexibility (multifunctionality of open and semi-open spaces) 8

    (2-4-3-2)-Variability 9

    (2-4-3-3) Adaptability (seasonal and daily movement) 9

    (2-4-3-4) Changeability (separation and consolidation) 10

    (2-4-3-5) Playability of open spaces for children 10

    (2-4-4)-The role of space Open in taking advantage of climatic factors 11 (2-5) - typology of residential complexes in the formation of open space 11 (2-5-1) - traditional typology (vertical survey at the height level) 12 (2-5-2) - contemporary typology (horizontal survey at the horizon level) 12 (2-5-2-1) environment 13

    (2-5-2-2) single 14

    (2-5-2-3) strip 14

    (2-5-2-4) mixed 14

    (2-6)-conclusion 14

    third chapter (sustainability)

    (3-1)-introduction 14

    (3-2)-Sustainable architecture 16

    (3-2-1)-Sustainable design and its basic principles 16

    (3-3)-Renewable energies 16

    (3-3-1)-Wind energy 17

    (3-3-2)-Sun energy 17

    (3-3-3)-water energy 17

    (3-3-4)-geothermal energy 18

    (3-3-5)-biomass energy 18

    (3-3-6)-necessity of using renewable energies 18

    (3-4)-interaction of sustainability and new energies 18

    (3-5)-A sustainable approach to housing 19

    (3-5-1)-Iranian architect is a real model of sustainable housing 20

    (1-1-5-3)-Examining the patterns of open and semi-open spaces in traditional architecture with the approach of optimizing energy consumption 21

    (3-6)-Conclusion 22

    Chapter 4 (Climatic design)

    (4-1)-Introduction 23

    (4-2)-Thermal comfort 23

    (4-2-1)-Thermal comfort in outdoor environments 24

    (4-2-2)-Thermal physiological differences between thermal comfort in indoor and outdoor environments 25

    (4-2-3)-Feeling of comfort outdoors 27 (4-2-4) - Adaptability 28 (4-2-5) - Psychological aspects and its impact on the assessment of thermal comfort in indoor and outdoor spaces 28 (4-3) - Main objectives of climate design 29 (4-3-1) - Reducing building heat loss 29

    (4-3-2)-reducing the effect of wind on building heat loss 30

    (4-3-3)-utilizing solar energy 31

    (4-3-4)-protecting the building from hot outside air 31

    (4-3-5)-protecting the building from sunlight 32

    (4-3-6)-using fluctuation Daily air temperature 32 (4-3-7) - Taking advantage of suitable outdoor weather conditions 33 (4-3-8) - Creating blinds in the interior spaces of the building 33 (4-3-9) - Increasing air humidity 34 (4-3-10) - Preventing increasing air humidity 34

    (4-3-11)-Protecting the building against rain 34

    (4-3-12)-Reducing the effect of dusty winds 35

    (4-4)-Climatic-environmental variables affecting the thermal comfort of open and semi-open spaces 35

    (4-4-1)-The effect of climatic factors on the comfort range 35

    (4-4-1-1)-Effect of sunlight and temperature 35

    (4-4-1-2)-Effect of air humidity 35

    (4-4-1-3)-Effect of wind and air flow 36

    4-4-1-3-1 Effect of wind shadow 36

    4-4-1-3-2 Formation of turbulence ring at the base of the building 37

    4-4-1-3-3 Obstacle effect 37

    4-4-1-3-4 Venturi phenomenon 38

    4-4-1-3-5 Effect caused by the connection between areas with different pressure 39

    4-4-1-3-6 Channeling or directivity phenomenon 40

    4-4-1-3-7 Ring effect Opening 40

    4-4-1-3-8 pyramid effect 40

    4-4-1-3-9 corner effect 41

    (4-4-2)-environmental effects 42

    (4-4-2-1)-light 42

    4-4-2-1-2 shading of outer spaces 43

    (4-4-2-1)-Light 42

    (4-4-2-2)-Sound 43

    (4-4-2-3)-Air pollution 43

    (4-5)-Methods for adjusting micro-climate by controlling environmental climatic factors affecting it 43

    (4-5-1)-Radiation 44

    4-5-1-1 control of access to the sun for pedestrians 44

    4-5-1-2 Proportions according to the need for shade and sun 45

    4-5-1-3 The effect of changing the proportions on the shade of the courtyard walls 45

    4-5-1-4 Temperature and daily fluctuations 46

    (4-5-2)-Humidity 46

    (4-5-3)-Air flow 47

    4-5-3-1 Placement direction 47

    4-5-3-2 External characteristics 47

    4-5-3-3 Division of interior space 47

    4-5-3-4 Blinds 48

    4-5-3-5 control of openings 48

    4-5-3-5-1 window direction, sizes and air flow patterns 48

    4-5-3-5-2 location of the window in terms of height 49

    4-5-3-6 impact of the area and vegetation 49

    4-5-3-6-1 shading with trees without preventing the wind flow 50

    (4-5-4)-Wind 50

    4-5-4-1 Land form and wind flow 51

    4-5-4-2 Form of buildings and wind flow 51

    4-5-4-3 Height of buildings and wind flow 51

    4-5-4-4 Distance between buildings and flow 52

    (4-6) - Visibility factor to the sky 52

    4-6-1 relationship "View factor to the sky" and climatic variables 53

    4-6-2 The relationship between the radiant temperature of the environment and the "coefficient of visibility to the sky" 53 (4-7)-Applicable principles in climate design with emphasis on open and semi-open space 54 (4-7-1)-Materials 54

    4-7-1-1 Building materials and paving, roof and wall cladding 54

    4-7-1-2 Color of materials 56

    (4-7-2)-Shape and Geometry 56

    4-7-2-1 Geometry of the texture - heat discharge at night and improvement of air flow 56

    4-7-2-2 Geometry of the texture and ratio of height to the width of the passage 57

    4-7-2-3 Geometry of the texture – Wind flow and ventilation 57 (4-8) - applied principles in climate design with emphasis on open and semi-open spaces 59 (4-8-1) - vertical surfaces 59 (4-8-2) - horizontal surfaces 59 (4-8-3) - inclined surfaces 59 (4-8-4) - cooling of spaces closed through ventilation and wind passing through semi-open spaces 60 (4-10) - thermal behavior of spaces in summer and winter 60 (4-11) - human factors 60 (4-12) - open and semi-open spaces of Iranian houses from the climatic dimension 63 (4-12-1) - open spaces 64

    (4-12-2)-semi-open spaces 69

    (4-13)-conclusion 72

    Chapter five (sampling of urban residential complexes)

    (5-1)-Introduction 73

    (5-2)-domestic examples 73

    (5-3)-foreign examples 75

    (4-5)-Conclusion76

    Sixth chapter (theoretical foundations of design)

    (6-1)-Introduction77

    (6-2)-The importance of housing77

    (6-2-1)-Housing as shelter (economic stability)78

    (6-2-2)-In terms of social transactions (sustainability) social) 78 (6-2-3) - in terms of attention to the environment (environmental sustainability) 79 (6-3) - residential complexes and the need to pay attention to open and semi-open spaces 79 (6-3-1) - common features of open space in residential complexes 80 (6-3-1-3)- Hierarchy 80

    (6-3-1-4)-Examination of visual aristocracy (social dimension of sustainability) 81

    6-3-1-3-1 Privacy in open and semi-open spaces 82

    6-3-1-3-2 Privacy and territory 82

    (6-3-1-5)-Defenability 83

    (6-3-1-6)-Security83

    (6-3-1-7)-Suitable for all age groups83

    (6-3-1-8)-Attention to the climate84

    (6-3-1-9)-Social interactions84

    (6-3-1-10)-Spatial diversity84

    (6-5)-Definitions Open and semi-open space 84 (6-5-1) - from the physical dimension 84 (6-5-2) - from the traditional architectural dimension 85

    (6-5-3-2)-Semi-open spaces88

    (6-6)-Activities related to residential open space88

    (6-7)-Introduction of execution patterns and elements89

    (6-7-1)-Pedestrians90

    (6-7-2)-Equestrian routes90

    (6-7-3)- Children's play space92

    (6-7-4)-Furniture92

    (6-7-5)-Ground effects93

    (6-7-5-1)-Slope shape or direction of slope93

    (6-7-6)-Landscaping and interference in topography93

    (6-7-7)-green space94

    (6-8)-the effect of natural outdoor factors in reducing housing energy consumption95

    (6-8-1)-the role of water95

    (6-8-2)-the role of stone96

    (6-8-3)-the role of soil96

    (6-8-4)-the role of plant selection in Sustainable landscaping in open and semi-open spaces 97 (6-8-4-1) - Selection of appropriate plant species 98 (6-8-4-2) - Calculation of the minimum and maximum distance of trees and required height according to the need for shade and sunshine 99 (6-8-4-3) - Coexistence of humans and plants in open and semi-open spaces 100 6-8-4-3-2 Effects Vegetation on the thermal comfort of Ayr Pajah 101

    (6-8-4-4)-Effect of vegetation on building energy consumption 103

    6-8-4-4-1 Climatic effects (ecological functions of the green space and its effects on the microclimate of the region) 103

    (6-8-5)-The role of open and semi-open spaces in creating a sense of temperate climate and creating an ecological relationship with the environment and Nature 105 (6-9) - Providing solutions for designing the site as an open space and semi-open spaces in order to save energy open (cooling) 106

    (6-9-3)- executive solutions related to wind control in open and semi-open spaces 106

    (6-9-4)- ensuring the security of movement in open space 106

    (6-9-5)-social interactions 107

    (6-9-6)-climate wisdom 108

    (6-9-7)-Semi-open spaces109

    (6-9-8)-Privacy and visual aristocracy109

    (6-9-9)-Considerations of human factors109

    (6-9-10)-Investigating how to establish and place residential blocks in reducing energy loss110

    (6-10)-Result Giri111

    Seventh chapter (Knowledge of the design base)

    (7-1)-Knowledge of Tehran Province112

    (1-7-1)-Geographical location112

    (7-1-2)-General characteristics of climatic conditions112

    (7-2)-Features of a building in harmony with Tehran climate using comfort measurement models114

    (7-2-1)-Bioclimatic table 114

    (7-2-2)-Thermal conditions in the open space 115

    (7-2-3)-Thermal conditions of the interior of the building 115

    (7-2-4)-The intensity and durability of thermal conditions 115

    (7-2-5)-The orientation of the building 117

    (7-2-6)-Building form in relation to climate 118

    (7-2-7)-When shade is needed in Tehran 118

    (7-3)-Site climate in the middle of summer 118

    (7-4)-Site climate in the middle of winter 119

    (7-5)-Knowing the desired area Design 119 (7-5-1) - Location of the site 119 (7-5-2) - Topographic features 119 (7-6) - Site analysis 120 (7-6) - Conclusion 123 (8-1) - Compilation Design criteria 124 (8-2) - Preliminary sketches based on qualitative criteria 124 (8-3) - Site analysis and spotting on the site based on general criteria 128 (8-4) - Physical plan of the plan based on quantitative criteria 128

    (8-6)-Documents of project 130

Sustainable housing with an emphasis on open and semi-open spaces
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