Master's Thesis in Philosophy of Education
May 1994
Abstract:
The purpose of this research is to investigate the importance and position of Challenging and neglected Spiritual education And then the examination of the concept and place of spiritual education and its relationship with religion, because spiritual education by paying attention to the spiritual realm of man (which is linked to the domain of God) is a suitable chapter for dialogue in the era of globalization of cultures and can guide the followers of monotheistic religions to unity of opinion in the field of human education. The perspective of David Carr, who is an educational philosopher, has answered the research questions in a qualitative study conducted with a comparative method. The concept of spiritual education From Tabatabai's point of view, directing the process of celibacy of the self is meaningful in accordance with his godly nature, which seeks to strengthen desire, elaborate knowledge and carry out action according to it, and the goals in his view have three cognitive, tendency and practical aspects. David considers the work of spiritual education as a distinct part of education and training, separate from religious education and including experience and understanding of big questions. According to him, the goals of spiritual education are the teaching of truths and the cultivation of spiritual virtues through the two methods of education in a spiritual orientation and education in a spiritual activity. Keywords: education, spiritual education, Allameh Tabatabai, David Kar.
The preoccupations of mechanical life caused man to travel away from the truth of his existence and towards nowhere, and this is important because of the change in scientific and philosophical ideologies that were carried out after the Renaissance by scientists such as Descartes, Bacon, Galileo, Newton, etc. With the expansion of mathematics and the rule of quantity in all sciences, the understanding of religious concepts became weaker, in such a way that the aspect of quantity became fatter and fatter, and equally the belief in the holy matter became less pale, to the extent that the only real aspect of quantity and modern knowledge became only mathematical and experimental knowledge. Bravery (1390) Therefore, man's relationship with himself and God is cut And as Karr says, "Recently, there has been an extraordinary revolution of interest and tension among educators regarding spiritual issues and spiritual education." (1996) and this became the basis for another presence after the golden age of Greece and their inquiries about virtues by Socrates, Plato and especially Aristotle, and on the other hand, spiritual education by paying attention to the spiritual sphere of man for the approach of spiritual education which is linked with the divine sphere, is a suitable chapter for dialogue in the era of globalization of cultures and can lead the followers of monotheistic religions to unity of opinion in human education. (Ashari, Bagheri and Hosseini, 1391)
When we examine the nature of man, we find that the most important dimension of man is his spiritual dimension, which has the most power and influence in his actions and behavior because this soul itself has taken its power from God. Since the nature of all human beings is common, then the soul exists in all of them, but this power is potential and latent, and parts of this power can be actualized through education (control of sensations). The best way to reach all spiritual powers is religion. Therefore, it can be said that there are two types of spirituality: non-religious spirituality which can only partially access the powers of the soul through controlling and purifying the soul and reducing the role of the senses, which is the lowest stage of religious education (at most the realm of the Kingdom), and religious spirituality, especially the religion of Islam, which if a person acts based on its solutions, can reach the perfection and actuality of the powers of the spirit and other realms such as the realm of strength and the realm of divine names.
The plan to return to spirituality in the postmodern world, not only does not necessarily mean the recognition of religions, but rather it means trying to fill the void of human spirituality with spiritualities that do not have the problems of historical and traditional religions.
1-2- Importance and necessity of research
Education of a perfect human being is always As a goal, the aim and goal of education has been considered and the work of education has a special sensitivity and importance among all the affairs of life, and addressing and paying attention to it is considered an important, fundamental and foundational task.At the beginning of the third millennium and according to the approaches of globalization, man is facing challenges such as the crisis of spirituality, ethics, identity and the crisis of the environment and the captivity and slavery of technology. Now, how can modern man be equipped and prepared to face these crises and at the top of them is spirituality, and without a doubt, paying attention to the spiritual dimension of education or the spiritual education is a very important and dangerous task of the education system. is, in the first step, spirituality must be which is a controversial word.
The definition of the word spirituality [1] is apparently a bit difficult. Perhaps this difficulty of what is in the spiritual heart is what we naturally avoid and is a bit mysterious, should not surprise us (Wright, 2000, p. 7). This is because it relates to deep personal responses and feelings and is unique, yet life-giving and dynamic. Spirituality comes from the Greek and Hebrew root spirit meaning breath, wind and soul and its Latin "Spirate" means to breathe, which is defined in the Oxford culture in front of matter, which is basically the opposition of soul and body. shows: "It means giving life, which can be said to be compatible with the belief that God breathed his soul into mankind. (spirit of life) its old meaning tends to focus on religion, but nowadays it also has individual, social, cognitive and emotional dimensions. (Salahshuri, 1390, p. 44).
The concept of spirituality is broader than the relationship with thinking and reflection skills and only dependent on the relationship with God. (Biger, 2003, p. 16) If we understand education from the root (rabb) which means to correct, plan, and supervise, to complete and complete, and also from its other root, which is (rab) which means to grow and develop, add and cultivate the body, (Bagheri, 2003, p. 52) spiritual education can be defined as follows: it is an effort to grow and flourish and reach a transcendent meaning and truth. Also, spiritual education is education for life. If he taught the children how to live and how to love, they will not be affected by negative activities such as hatred, war, crime and so on in their material life. They are able to control the situation. Perfect humans perform more successfully in such worldly challenges, and spiritual education can bring more success to humans - regardless of religion – to guarantee even in worldly affairs.
Also, the study of the concept of spirituality in the contemporary world tells that in facing the concept of spirituality, there is a range from believing religion to believing spirituality independent of religion. On one side of this spectrum, there are religious thinkers who believe that the concept of spirituality is only meaningful in the context of religious discourse and other than heavenly religions (even earthly religions) they cannot understand spirituality – based on a meaningful concept-speech (Baghgoli et al., 2012) on the other side of this range of thinkers There are secularists who consider spirituality as an emotional and psychological need of human beings and do not see the necessity of religious identification to solve spiritual needs. The trend towards spirituality as a new trend in educational and cultural fields has happened for two reasons: Firstly, the field of education provides the best situation and opportunity for the crystallization of spirituality in humans, secondly, the subject of spirituality is inherently an educational subject. The purpose of this research is to investigate the importance and position of Challenging and neglected spiritual education and then examining the concept and place of spiritual education and its relationship with religion. Therefore, in this thesis, a comparative study of the concept and goals of spiritual education of Allamah Mohammad Hossein Tabatabai as a Muslim philosopher and scientist and with David Carr [2] who is a Western educational philosopher And he is an expert on ethics and spiritual education and a professor at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland,
1-3- Research objectives
A: General purpose
Overall comparison (explanation of similarities and differences) Spiritual education from the point of view of Allameh Tabatabai and David Kar B: Partial objectives: 1- The concept of spiritual education from the point of view of Allameh Tabatabai and David Karr. 2- The goals of spiritual education from the point of view of Allameh Tabatabai and David Karr. 3- The principles of spiritual education from the point of view of Allameh Tabatabai and David Karr.